Browsing by Author "Wang, Zhenyu"

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    Supercritical Fluid Extraction Directly Coupled with Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Analytes in Complex Matrices
    Wang, Zhenyu (Virginia Tech, 2004-11-29)
    The purpose of this research was to design a simple, novel interface for on-line coupling of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) with High Performance Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography (HP-RPLC), and to explore its ability for quantitative analysis of analytes in different matrices. First, a simple interface was developed via a single one six-port injection valve to connect the SFE and LC systems. A water displacement method was utilized to eliminate decompressed CO2 gas in the solid phase SFE trap and connection tubes. To evalute this novel hyphenated system, spiked polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a sand matrix were used as target analytes with the achievement of quantitative results. Also PAHs in naturally contaminated soil were successfully extracted and quantitatively determined by this hyphenated system. Compared to the EPA method (Soxhlet extraction followed by GC-MS), on-line SFE-LC gave precise (4-10% RSD) and accurate results in a much shorter time. Based on this hyphenated technique, a method for the extraction and analysis of hyperforin in St. John's Wort was developed under air/light free conditions. Hyperforin is a major active constituent in the antidepression herbal medicine-Hypericum Perforatum (St. John's Wort). Hyperforin is very sensitive to oxygen and light. There is no way to date to determine whether any degradation occurs during the sample-processing step in the analytical laboratory. On-line coupling of SFE-LC with UV absorbance/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SFE-LC-UV/ESI-MS) provided an air/light free extraction-separation-detection system, which addressed this issue. Mass spectral data on the extract confirmed the presence of the major degradation compounds of hyperforin (i.e. furohyperforin and two of its analogues). Thus, the degradation process must have occurred during plant drying or storage. The feasibility of quantitative extraction and analysis of hyperforin by on-line SFE-LC was made possible by optimizing the extraction pressure, temperature, and modifier content. High SFE recovery (~90%) relative to liquid-solid extraction was achieved under optimized conditions. We then extended the interface's application to an aqueous sample by using a liquid-fluid extraction vessel. Quantitative extraction and transfer were achieved for the target analytes (progesterone, phenanthrene, and pyrene) spiked in water, as well as in real samples (urine and environmental water). During each extraction, no restrictor plugging was realized. Extraction temperature and pressure were optimized. Different amounts of salt were added to the aqueous matrix to enhance ionic strength and thus extraction efficiency. Methanol and 2-propanol were used as CO2 modifiers. Two modifier modes were compared, e.g. dynamically mixing modifier with the CO2 extraction fluid, and pre-spiking modifier in the extraction vessel. Surprisingly, we found pre-spiking the same amount of modifier in the vessel enhanced the recovery from ~70% to ~100% for progesterone, phenanthrene, and pyrene due to a "co-extraction effect". The last phase of our work explored the disadvantages/limitations of this hyphenated technique through the analysis of more highly polar phenolic compounds in grape seeds. Five types of SFE trapping adsorbent materials were evaluated in an effort to enhance the collection efficiency for the polar components. Pure supercritical CO2 was used first to remove the less polar oil in the seeds. Then methanol-modified CO2 was used to remove the polar components (e.g. phenolic compounds). Catechin and epicatechin (90%) were exhaustively extracted out of the de-oiled seed after 240 minutes with 40% methanol as modifier. Both singly linked (B-type) and doubly linked (A-type) procyanidins were identified by LC-ESI-MS, as well as their galloylated derivatives. Compared to the off-line SFE-LC approach, much less sample was required for extraction in the on-line method, since all the extracted components could be transferred to the LC column. Also, no extract processing/concentration step was needed in the on-line method. However, in the on-line mode, some polar compounds were lost (1) during the collection step (e.g. lower trapping efficiency on a single solid SFE trap when a high percentage modifier was used) and (2) during the water rinsing step (e.g. less retention of polar compounds on C18 trap). Therefore, this hyphenated technique is less desirable for the analysis of highly polar compounds.
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    A Wind Tunnel Study on the Aeromechanics of Dual-Rotor Wind Turbines
    Wang, Zhenyu; Tian, Wei; Sharma, Anupam; Hu, Hui (Virginia Tech, 2015-06)
    In the present study, we report our recent efforts to develop a novel dual-rotor wind turbine (DRWT) concept to improve aerodynamic efficiency of isolated turbines as well as wind farms. The DRWT concept employs a secondary, smaller, co-axial rotor with two objectives: (1) mitigate losses incurred in the root region of the main rotor by using an aerodynamically optimized secondary rotor, and (2) mitigate wake losses in DRWT wind farms through rapid mixing of turbine wake. Mixing rate of DRWT wake will be enhanced by (a) increasing radial shear in wind velocity in wakes, and (b) using dynamic interaction between primary and secondary rotor tip vortices. Velocity shear in turbine wake are tailored (by varying secondary rotor loading) to amplify mixing during conditions when wake/array losses are dominant. The increased power capacity due to the secondary rotor can also be availed to extract energy at wind speeds below the current cut-in speeds, in comparison to conventional single-rotor wind turbine (SRWT) design. For a DRWT system, the two rotors sited on the same turbine tower can be set to rotate either in the same direction (i.e., co-rotation DRWT design) or at opposite directions (i.e., counter-rotating DRWT design). It should be noted that a counter-rotating rotor concept (i.e., the rotors rotate at opposite directions) has been widely used in marine (e.g., counter-rotating propellers used by Mark 46 torpedo) and aerospace (e.g., Soviet Ka-32 helicopter with coaxial counter-rotating rotors) applications to increase aerodynamic efficiency of the systems. The recent work Ozbay et al. (2015) reveal that, with the two rotors in counter-rotating configuration (i.e., counter-rotating DRWT design), the downwind rotor could benefit from the disturbed wake flow of the upwind rotor (i.e., with significant tangential velocity component or swirling velocity component in the upwind rotor wake). As a result, the downwind rotor could harvest the additional kinetic energy associated with the swirling velocity of the wake flow. With this in mind, the effects of relative rotation direction of the two rotors on the aeromechanics performances of DRWTs (i.e., co-rotation DRWT design vs. counter-rotating DRWT design) and the turbulent mixing process in the DRWT wakes are also evaluated in the present study. The experimental study was performed in a large-scale Aerodynamics/Atmospheric Boundary Layer (AABL) Wind Tunnel located at the Aerospace Engineering Department of Iowa State University. Scaled DRWT and SRWT models were placed in a typical Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) wind under neutral stability conditions. In addition to measuring the power outputs of the DRWT and SRWT systems, static and dynamic wind loads acting on the test models were also investigated to assess the effects of the secondary, smaller, co-axial rotor in either counter-rotating (rotors rotate at opposite directions) or co-rotating (rotors rotate at same direction) configuration on the power production performance and the resultant dynamic wind loads (both aerodynamic forces and bending moments) acting on the DRWT models. Furthermore, a high-resolution stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) system was also used to make both "free-run" and "phase-locked" measurements to quantify the transient behavior (i.e., formation, shedding and breakdown) of unsteady wake vortices and the flow characteristics behind the DRWT and SRWT models. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the power output data and dynamic wind loading measurements to elucidate underlying physics for higher total power yield and better durability of wind turbines operating in turbulent non-homogenous atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) winds.