Browsing by Author "Wilson, James M."
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- 2017 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers. Va. Coop. Ext. Serv. Publ. 456-419Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Wilson, James M.; Frank, Daniel L.; Hooks, C. R. R.; Sherif, Sherif M.; Walsh, C. S.; Yoder, Keith S.; Rahman, M.; Kotcon, J. B.; Derr, Jeffrey F.; Chandran, Rakesh S.; Weaver, Michael J.; Brown, Amy; Parkhurst, James A. (2016)Integrated pest management (IPM) is the approach emphasized in this guide; some aspects of IPM are incorporated throughout, although this guide mainly deals with the chemical component of IPM. IPM combines biological control from predators with selective chemical application for maintaining pest populations below economic threshold levels. This approach requires that growers give careful consideration to the selection, application rate and timing of chemical sprays. The degree of integration achieved will vary according to the management ability, training and objectives of the orchardist. Inadequate monitoring or implementation of IPM practices will lead to unsatisfactory results. In order to encourage the biological control components of the program, growers must consider the toxicity of chemicals to predators (Table 9, page 59) in addition to their efficacy against fruit pests (Tables 7 and 8, pages 56-58).
- 2021 Home Grounds and Animals PMG - Regulations and Basic InformationWycoff, Stephanie B.; Frank, Daniel L.; Wilson, James M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)This is a chapter of the 2021 Home Grounds and Animals PMG. This 2021 Virginia Pest Management Guide provides the latest recommendations for controlling diseases, insects, and weeds for home grounds and animals. This publication contains information about prevention and nonchemical control as alternatives to chemical control or as part of an integrated pest management approach. The chemical controls in this guide are based on the latest pesticide label information at the time of writing. Because pesticide labels change, read the label directions carefully before buying and using any pesticide. Regardless of the information provided here, always follow the latest product label instructions when using any pesticide. Commercial products are named in this publication for informational purposes only. Virginia Cooperative Extension does not endorse these products and does not intend discrimination against other products that also may be suitable.
- 2022 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers: Virginia, West Virginia, and University of Maryland ExtensionPfeiffer, Douglas G.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Wilson, James M.; Quesada, C.; Hooks, C. R. R.; Sherif, Sherif; Aćimović, Srđan G.; Rahman, Mahfuz; Kotcon, J. B.; Derr, J. F.; Chandran, R. S.; Frank, Daniel L.; Parkhurst, J. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2022-03-07)
- Benefits of an Insecticide Seed Treatment for Pumpkin Production in VirginiaKuhar, Thomas P.; Wilson, James M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2015-12-21)Compares use of pumpkin seeds pretreated with insecticides and fungicides with the use of foliar sprays on pumpkin plants. Also compares yield data from plots with seeds treated with fungicides only to seeds treated with both insecticides and fungicides. Seed treatments likely cause less harm to bees and other pollinators than foliar sprays do.
- Biology and Management of Small Hive Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): A Pest of European Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ColoniesRoth, Morgan A.; Wilson, James M.; Gross, Aaron D. (Oxford University Press, 2022-01-01)Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) control has become an issue of increasing importance for North American apiculturists throughout the past two decades. Aethina tumida was discovered in Florida in 1989, presumably transported from its native habitat of sub-Saharan Africa through the shipment of European honey bee (Apis mellifera L) queens. Estimates of damage from A. tumida were as high as $3 million annually in the United States by the year 2004, and A. tumida was found in nearly every state by 2008. When adult beetles emerge from pupation in soil surrounding the hive, they are attracted to A. mellifera hives through a variety of pheromones and volatile organic compounds from bees and hive products. Aethina tumida larvae and adults consume hive products and bee brood, generating fermenting waste (or slime), which can eventually lead to hive abandonment in cases of severe infestation. Pest management efforts for A. tumida have focused on trapping adults, applying lime, diatomaceous earth, pyrethroid soil drenches, and entomopathogenic nematodes to the soil surrounding A. mellifera hives. Understanding the biology and life history of A. tumida, along with current control methods, can aid apiculturists in making informed integrated pest management decisions. Additionally, understanding critical knowledge gaps in the current research is an important step in identifying promising future management tactics in the ongoing efforts to manage this invasive pest.
- Biology and Management of Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ColoniesRoth, Morgan A.; Wilson, James M.; Tignor, Keith R.; Gross, Aaron D. (Oxford University Press, 2020)Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) infestation of European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies has been a growing cause of international concern among beekeepers throughout the last 50 yr. Varroa destructor spread from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana Fabricius [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) to A. mellifera populations in Europe in the 1970s, and subsequently traveled to the Americas. In addition to causing damage through feeding upon lipids of larval and adult bees, V. destructor also facilitates the spread of several viruses, with deformed wing virus being most prevalent. Several sampling methods have been developed for estimating infestation levels of A. mellifera colonies, and acaricide treatments have been implemented. However, overuse of synthetic acaricides in the past has led to widespread acaricide resistant V. destructor populations. The application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques is a more recent development in V. destructor control and is suggested to be more effective than only using pesticides, thereby posing fewer threats to A. mellifera colonies. When using IPM methods, informed management decisions are made based upon sampling, and cultural and mechanical controls are implemented prior to use of acaricide treatments. If acaricides are deemed necessary, they are rotated based on their mode of action, thus avoiding V. destructor resistance development.
- The Effects of Insecticides on Squash Bug, its Egg Parasitoids and Pollinators in Virginia Cucurbit ProductionWilson, James M. (Virginia Tech, 2017-02-02)My dissertation and research focused on the effects of insecticides on squash bugs, its egg parasitoid, and pollinators in the production of cucurbits in Virginia. Plants in the cucumber family are dependent on insect pollination for successful fruit set, and are also susceptible to plant eating insects. Squash bugs are capable of transmitting cucurbit yellow vine decline, and their feeding can cause significant wilt and death in many varieties. To control for squash bug and other pests, growers commonly combine the application of broad-spectrum insecticides with the frequently applied prophylactic fungicides. Broad-spectrum insecticide applications are known to have negative effects on natural enemy populations, are capable of promoting insecticide resistance, and can have negative effects on pollinators if care in their use is not taken. Squash bugs have several natural enemies, but their predominant egg parasitoid is most effective at reducing damaging populations. The scelionid wasp Gryon pennsylvanicum Ashmead, is a prevalent egg parasitoid in Virginia and can be negatively affected by the application of broad-spectrum insecticides. Through survey efforts I found that G. pennsylvanicum is widely distributed throughout Virginia and is capable of high rates of egg parasitism (>90%). This is contrary to the 20% level previously assumed for the East Coast. I explored the effects of narrow-spectrum insecticides on the fate of the egg parasitoids, those developing in the host egg and emerged adults of G. pennsylvanicum. Contact assays showed that the insecticides λ-cyhalothrin and sulfoxaflor had caused high adult parasitoid mortality. As new insecticides get registered for use there is often concern about their effect on pollinators, specifically the European honey bee Apis mellifera L. I evaluated the use of large flight cages as a method to measure the sub-lethal effects of narrow-spectrum insecticides to honey bees, as a means to qualify risk. The method utilizes small colonies of honey bees (with stores of nectar and pollen) and their feeding at a treated sucrose solution after being trained to a feeder in an enclosed arena. This choice-test style behavioral experiment shows promise in qualifying the risks associated with insecticide exposure in the field. In the case of pyrifluquinazon, colonies repeatedly choose to avoid feeding at tainted feeders even after training with no other outside sources of food present. Further researching the sub-lethal behavioral effects that insecticides have on bees in a colony can help us better qualify their risk.
- Field Crops: 2022 Pest Management GuideBesancon, Thierry E.; Cahoon, Charlie; Chandran, Rakesh; Currin, John F.; Day, Eric R.; Flessner, Michael; Frame, William Hunter; Frank, Daniel; Hines, Tommy; Johnson, Quintin; Jordan, David; Koehler, Alyssa; Langston, David B.; Lingenfelter, Dwight; Reed, T. David; Singh, Vijay; Taylor, Sally V.; VanGessel, Mark; Vollmer, Kurt; Wallace, John M.; Wilson, James M. (2022-02-03)
- Home Grounds and Animals: 2022 Pest Management GuideAćimović, Srđan G.; Askew, Shawn D.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Bush, Elizabeth A.; Day, Eric R.; Del-Pozo, Alejandro; Derr, Jeffery F.; Frank, Daniel; Hansen, Mary Ann; Hong, Chuan X.; McCall, David S.; Miller, Dini M.; Nita, Mizuho; Parkhurst, James A.; Paulson, Sally L.; Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Rideout, Steven L.; Schultz, Peter B.; Wilson, James M.; Wycoff, Stephanie Blevins (2022-02-11)
- Insect Faunal Succession and Development of Forensically Important Flies on Deer Carcasses in Southwest VirginiaWilson, James M. (Virginia Tech, 2012-12-10)Forensic entomology has become synonymous with medico-legal entomology and involves the use of insects in legal and criminal investigations. Insects have been used as evidence in cases of wrongful death of humans and in wildlife poaching cases for many years. The first jail time sentence for wildlife poaching in Manitoba, Canada was awarded after insect evidence was used to create a timeline for the crime. In the interest of advancing the science of forensic entomology, insect faunal succession was studied on four white-tailed deer carcasses in southwest Virginia in the summers of 2009 and 2010. The patterns of insect succession between the summers of 2009 and 2010 were similar at ± = 0.05. Necrophagous insects arrived in a successional pattern as has been observed on other animal models (e.g. pigs) during past studies conducted in southwest Virginia. To further explore the role of wildlife specific variables to forensic entomology, larvae of Phormia regina, Meigen, were reared on pork and venison in a laboratory at Virginia Tech. Environmental rearing conditions were 30" C, 75% RH and 14:10 hour light dark cycle. Significant differences in lengths of 3rd instar and combined overall maggot lengths were found for maggots reared on the different meat sources. Mean adult weights and wing lengths of venison-reared flies were significantly greater than those reared on pork at ±=0.05.
- Methods for controlling two European Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pests: Varroa mites (Varroa destructor, Anderson and Trueman) And Small hive beetles (Aethina tumida)Roth, Morgan Alicia (Virginia Tech, 2019-06-11)Throughout the last five decades, European Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies have been heavily damaged by invading Varroa mites (Varroa destructor), and, more recently, small hive beetles (Aethina tumida). These pests infest A. mellifera colonies throughout Virginia, with V. destructor feeding upon the lipids of their hosts and spreading viruses, and A. tumida feeding extensively on hive products and brood. Because V. destructor has historically demonstrated acaricide resistance, this study examined V. destructor resistance to three common acaricides (amitraz, coumaphos, and tau-fluvalinate) throughout the three geographic regions of Virginia using glass vial contact bioassays; the results showed no resistance in the sites tested. To gain better insights into A. tumida pharmacology, several known acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and three novel insecticides (previously shown to have low mammalian toxicity) were tested against an A. tumida laboratory colony through in vivo and in vitro bioassays. The results of these bioassays indicated that coumaphos was most selective and topically effective against A. tumida, while only one experimental compound was selective against A. tumida, with 29-fold less potency than coumaphos. These results can help apiculturists in making informed pest management choices and can lead to future studies further examining V. destructor resistance and optimizing A. tumida insecticide treatments.
- Small hive beetleRoth, Morgan A.; Gross, Aaron D.; Wilson, James M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019)Provides details about small hive beetle biology, which is a crucial part of identification and treatment, along with popular small hive beetle control methods
- Squash BugDoughty, Hélène; Wilson, James M.; Kuhar, Thomas P. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2014)This publication discusses squash bugs, damaged caused by them, and their control.
- Squash Bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae): Biology and Management in Cucurbitaceous CropsDoughty, H. B.; Wilson, James M.; Schultz, Peter B.; Kuhar, Thomas P. (2016-01-19)The squash bug, Anasa tristis (DeGeer), is an endemic species of the Americas that feeds on plants in the family Cucurbitaceae. The pest is particularly abundant and damaging on plants in the genus Cucurbita (i.e., zucchini, summer squash, and pumpkins). Squash bug has become problematic in recent years due to changes in insecticide use strategies by conventional growers, dramatic increases in organic vegetable production, and increasing incidences of cucurbit yellow vine disease, a phloem-clogging bacterial disease transmitted by the bug. A review of insect biology, description of life stages, host plants, damage, and management options for squash bug is presented.
- Striped Cucumber BeetleWilson, James M.; Day, Eric R.; Kuhar, Thomas P. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2020)Striped cucumber beetle and its description, the plants it attacks, their distribution, life history and damage done, and control practices
- Striped Cucumber BeetleWilson, James M.; Day, Eric R.; Kuhar, Thomas P. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2014)This publication describes striped cucumber beetles and presents control practices.
- Varroa Mite Biology and Feeding DamageRoth, Morgan A.; Gross, Aaron D.; Wilson, James M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-09-12)Describes Varroa Mites, their biology, and negative impacts on honey bees.
- Varroa Mite Management MethodsRoth, Morgan A.; Gross, Aaron D.; Wilson, James M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-09-12)Describes treatment methods for combating Varroa mite infestations by following an integrated pest management plan.
- Varroa Mite Sampling MethodsRoth, Morgan A.; Gross, Aaron D.; Wilson, James M. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-09-12)Discusses methods for sampling hives for Varroa mites.