Browsing by Author "Xu, Zelai"
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- An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method for simulating interfacial dynamics between a hydrogel and a fluidLi, Lei; Zhang, Jiaqi; Xu, Zelai; Young, Y. -N.; Feng, James J.; Yue, Pengtao (Academic Press/Elsevier, 2022-02-15)Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer networks swollen with an aqueous solvent, and play central roles in biomicrofluidic devices. In such applications, the gel is often in contact with a flowing fluid, thus setting up a fluid-hydrogel two-phase system. Using a recently proposed model (Young et al. [41] 2019), we treat the hydrogel as a poroelastic material consisting of a Saint Venant-Kirchhoff polymer network and a Newtonian viscous solvent, and develop a finite-element method for computing flows involving a fluid-hydrogel interface. The interface is tracked by using a fixed-mesh arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method that maps the interface to a reference configuration. The interfacial deformation is coupled with the fluid and solid governing equations into a monolithic algorithm using the finite-element library deal.II. The code is validated against available analytical solutions in several non-trivial flow problems: one-dimensional compression of a gel layer by a uniform flow, two-layer shear flow, and the deformation of a Darcy gel particle in a planar extensional flow. In all cases, the numerical solutions are in excellent agreement with the analytical solutions. Numerical tests show second-order convergence with respect to mesh refinement, and first-order convergence with respect to time-step refinement.
- Comparison of four boundary conditions for the fluid-hydrogel interfaceXu, Zelai; Zhang, Jiaqi; Young, Yuan-Nan; Yue, Pengtao; Feng, James J. (American Physical Society, 2022-09-01)In adopting a poroelastic model for a hydrogel, one views its constituent fluid and solid phases as interpenetrating continua, thereby erasing the pore-scale geometry. This gives rise to the need for additional boundary conditions (BCs) at the interface between a hydrogel and a clear fluid to supplement the momentum equations for the fluid and solid phases in the hydrogel. Using a thermodynamic argument on energy dissipation, we propose three sets of BCs for the gel-fluid interface that link the normal and tangential velocity jumps across the interface to the normal and tangential stresses on either side of the interface. Using several flow problems - one-dimensional compression, two-layer Couette and Poiseuille shear flows, and deformation of a gel particle by a planar extension flow - as tests, we compare the predictions of these three BCs with that of a previously proposed BC. Some differences are stark and reveal flaws in certain BCs. Others are subtler and will require quantitative experimental data for validation. Based on these results, we recommend one set of BCs over the other three for computing the flow and deformation of hydrogels in contact with a clear fluid. In addition, we suggest benchmark experiments to validate the BCs and our recommendation.
- Poroelastic modeling reveals the cooperation between two mechanisms for albuminuriaXu, Zelai; Yue, Pengtao; Feng, James J. (The Royal Society, 2022-11-05)Albuminuria occurs when albumin leaks abnormally into the urine. Its mechanism remains unclear. A gel-compression hypothesis attributes the glomerular barrier to compression of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) as a gel layer. Loss of podocyte foot processes would allow the gel layer to expand circumferentially, enlarge its pores and leak albumin into the urine. To test this hypothesis, we develop a poroelastic model of the GBM. It predicts GBM compression in healthy glomerulus and GBM expansion in the diseased state, essentially confirming the hypothesis. However, by itself, the gel compression and expansion mechanism fails to account for two features of albuminuria: the reduction in filtration flux and the thickening of the GBM. A second mechanism, the constriction of flow area at the slit diaphragm downstream of the GBM, must be included. The cooperation between the two mechanisms produces the amount of increase in GBM porosity expected in vivo in a mutant mouse model, and also captures the two in vivo features of reduced filtration flux and increased GBM thickness. Finally, the model supports the idea that in the healthy glomerulus, gel compression helps maintain a roughly constant filtration flux under varying filtration pressure.