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Browsing by Author "Zhang, Yongliang"

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    Effects of Subauroral Polarization Streams on the Upper Thermospheric Winds During Non-Storm Time
    Zou, Ying; Lyons, Larry R.; Shi, Xueling; Liu, Jiang; Wu, Qian; Conde, Mark; Shepherd, Simon G.; Mende, Stephen; Zhang, Yongliang; Coster, Antea (American Geophysical Union, 2022-05)
    Intense sunward (westward) plasma flows, named Subauroral Polarization Stream (SAPS), have been known to occur equatorward of the electron auroras for decades, yet their effect on the upper thermosphere has not been well understood. On the one hand, the large velocity of SAPS results in large momentum exchange upon each ion-neutral collision. On the other hand, the low plasma density associated with SAPS implies a low ion-neutral collision frequency. We investigate the SAPS effect during non-storm time by utilizing a Scanning Doppler Imager (SDI) for monitoring the upper thermosphere, SuperDARN radars for SAPS, all-sky imagers and DMSP Spectrographic Imager for the auroral oval, and GPS receivers for the total electron content. Our observations suggest that SAPS at times drives substantial (>50 m/s) westward winds at subauroral latitudes in the dusk-midnight sector, but not always. The occurrence of the westward winds varies with AE index, plasma content in the trough, and local time. The latitudinally averaged wind speed varies from 60 to 160 m/s, and is statistically 21% of the plasma. These westward winds also shift to lower latitude with increasing AE and increasing MLT. We do not observe SAPS driving poleward wind surges, neutral temperature enhancements, or acoustic-gravity waves, likely due to the somewhat weak forcing of SAPS during the non-storm time.
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    RETICULON-LIKE PROTEIN B2 is a proviral factor co-opted for the biogenesis of viral replication organelles in plants
    Zhang, Qianshen; Wen, Zhiyan; Zhang, Xin; She, Jiajie; Wang, Xiaoling; Gao, Zongyu; Wang, Ruiqi; Zhao, Xiaofei; Su, Zhen; Li, Zhen; Li, Dawei; Wang, Xiaofeng; Zhang, Yongliang (Oxford University Press, 2023-05)
    Endomembrane remodeling to form a viral replication complex (VRC) is crucial for a virus to establish infection in a host. Although the composition and function of VRCs have been intensively studied, host factors involved in the assembly of VRCs for plant RNA viruses have not been fully explored. TurboID-based proximity labeling (PL) has emerged as a robust tool for probing molecular interactions in planta. However, few studies have employed the TurboID-based PL technique for investigating plant virus replication. Here, we used Beet black scorch virus (BBSV), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-replicating virus, as a model and systematically investigated the composition of BBSV VRCs in Nicotiana benthamiana by fusing the TurboID enzyme to viral replication protein p23. Among the 185 identified p23-proximal proteins, the reticulon family of proteins showed high reproducibility in the mass spectrometry data sets. We focused on RETICULON-LIKE PROTEIN B2 (RTNLB2) and demonstrated its proviral functions in BBSV replication. We showed that RTNLB2 binds to p23, induces ER membrane curvature, and constricts ER tubules to facilitate the assembly of BBSV VRCs. Our comprehensive proximal interactome analysis of BBSV VRCs provides a resource for understanding plant viral replication and offers additional insights into the formation of membrane scaffolds for viral RNA synthesis. TurboID-based proximity labeling reveals the viral replication complex structure of a plant virus, unveiling a proviral function of RETICULON-LIKE PROTEIN B2 in viral replication complex formation.