Scholarly Works, Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

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3D printed graphene-based self-powered strain sensors for smart tires in autonomous vehicles
Maurya, Deepam; Khaleghian, Seyedmeysam; Sriramdas, Rammohan; Kumar, Prashant; Kishore, Ravi Anant; Kang, Min-Gyu; Kumar, Vireshwar; Song, Hyun-Cheol; Lee, Seul-Yi; Yan, Yongke; Park, Jung-Min (Jerry); Taheri, Saied; Priya, Shashank (2020-10-26)
The transition of autonomous vehicles into fleets requires an advanced control system design that relies on continuous feedback from the tires. Smart tires enable continuous monitoring of dynamic parameters by combining strain sensing with traditional tire functions. Here, we provide breakthrough in this direction by demonstrating tire-integrated system that combines direct mask-less 3D printed strain gauges, flexible piezoelectric energy harvester for powering the sensors and secure wireless data transfer electronics, and machine learning for predictive data analysis. Ink of graphene based material was designed to directly print strain sensor for measuring tire-road interactions under varying driving speeds, normal load, and tire pressure. A secure wireless data transfer hardware powered by a piezoelectric patch is implemented to demonstrate self-powered sensing and wireless communication capability. Combined, this study significantly advances the design and fabrication of cost-effective smart tires by demonstrating practical self-powered wireless strain sensing capability. Designing efficient sensors for smart tires for autonomous vehicles remains a challenge. Here, the authors present a tire-integrated system that combines direct mask-less 3D printed strain gauges, flexible piezoelectric energy harvester for powering the sensors and secure wireless data transfer electronics, and machine learning for predictive data analysis.
Abundance and Speciation of Surface Oxygen on Nanosized Platinum Catalysts and Effect on Catalytic Activity
Serra-Maia, Rui; Winkler, Christopher; Murayama, Mitsuhiro; Tranhuu, Kevin; Michel, F. Marc (2018-06-18)
Oxygen at the surface of nanosized platinum has a direct effect on catalytic activity of oxidation−reduction chemical reactions. However, the abundance and speciation of oxygen remain uncertain for platinum with different particle size and shape characteristics, which has hindered the development of fundamental property−activity relationships. We have characterized two commercially available platinum nanocatalysts known as Pt black and Pt nanopowder to evaluate the effects of synthesis and heating conditions on the physical and surface chemical properties, as well as on catalytic activity. Characterization using complementary electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and spectroscopic methods showed that the larger average crystallite size of Pt nanopowder (23 nm) compared to Pt black (11 nm) corresponds with a 70% greater surface oxygen concentration. Heating the samples in air resulted in an increase in surface oxygen concentration for both nanocatalysts. Surface oxygen associated with platinum is in the form of chemisorbed oxygen, and no significant amounts of chemically bonded platinum oxide were found for any of the samples. The increase in surface oxygen abundance during heating depends on the initial size and surface oxygen content. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition rate measurements showed that larger particle size and higher surface chemisorbed oxygen correlate with enhanced catalytic activity. These results are particularly important for future studies that aim to relate the properties of platinum, or other metal nanocatalysts, with surface reactivity.
Adaptive process control for achieving consistent particles' states in atmospheric plasma spray process
Guduri, B.; Cybulsky, Michael; Pickrell, Gary R.; Batra, Romesh C. (2021-02-08)
The coatings produced by an atmospheric plasma spray process (APSP) must be of uniform quality. However, the complexity of the process and the random introduction of noise variables such as fluctuations in the powder injection rate and the arc voltage make it difficult to control the coating quality that has been shown to depend upon mean values of powder particles' temperature and speed, collectively called mean particles' states (MPSs), just before they impact the substrate. Here, we use a science-based methodology to develop a stable and adaptive controller for achieving consistent MPSs and thereby decrease the manufacturing cost. We first identify inputs into the APSP that significantly affect the MPSs and then formulate a relationship between these two quantities. When the MPSs deviate from their desired values, the adaptive controller is shown to successfully adjust the input parameters to correct them. The performance of the controller is tested via numerical experiments using the software, LAVA-P, that has been shown to well simulate the APSP.
Additive friction stir deposition: a deformation processing route to metal additive manufacturing
Yu, Hang Z.; Mishra, Rajiv S. (2021-02-01)
As the forging counterpart of fusion-based additive processes, additive friction stir deposition offers a solid-state deformation processing route to metal additive manufacturing, in which every voxel of the feed material undergoes severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. In this perspective article, we outline its key advantages, e.g. rendering fully-dense material in the as-printed state with fine, equiaxed microstructures, identify its niche engineering uses, and point out future research needs in process physics and materials innovation. We argue that additive friction stir deposition will evolve into a major additive manufacturing solution for industries that require high load-bearing capacity with minimal post-processing.
Bioactive Cellulose Nanocrystal-Poly(epsilon-Caprolactone) Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications
Hong, Jung Ki; Cooke, Shelley L.; Whittington, Abby R.; Roman, Maren (2021-02-25)
3D-printed bone scaffolds hold great promise for the individualized treatment of critical-size bone defects. Among the resorbable polymers available for use as 3D-printable scaffold materials, poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) has many benefits. However, its relatively low stiffness and lack of bioactivity limit its use in load-bearing bone scaffolds. This study tests the hypothesis that surface-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (SO-CNCs), decorated with carboxyl groups, can act as multi-functional scaffold additives that (1) improve the mechanical properties of PCL and (2) induce biomineral formation upon PCL resorption. To this end, an in vitro biomineralization study was performed to assess the ability of SO-CNCs to induce the formation of calcium phosphate minerals. In addition, PCL nanocomposites containing different amounts of SO-CNCs (1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 wt%) were prepared using melt compounding extrusion and characterized in terms of Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, crystallinity, thermal transitions, and water contact angle. Neither sulfuric acid-hydrolyzed CNCs (SH-CNCs) nor SO-CNCs were toxic to MC3T3 preosteoblasts during a 24 h exposure at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 3.0 mg/mL. SO-CNCs were more effective at inducing mineral formation than SH-CNCs in simulated body fluid (1x). An SO-CNC content of 10 wt% in the PCL matrix caused a more than 2-fold increase in Young's modulus (stiffness) and a more than 60% increase in ultimate tensile strength. The matrix glass transition and melting temperatures were not affected by the SO-CNCs but the crystallization temperature increased by about 5.5 degrees C upon addition of 10 wt% SO-CNCs, the matrix crystallinity decreased from about 43 to about 40%, and the water contact angle decreased from 87 to 82.6 degrees. The abilities of SO-CNCs to induce calcium phosphate mineral formation and increase the Young's modulus of PCL render them attractive for applications as multi-functional nanoscale additives in PCL-based bone scaffolds.
A correlation between grain boundary character and deformation twin nucleation mechanism in coarse-grained high-Mn austenitic steel
Hung, Chang-Yu; Bai, Yu; Shimokawa, Tomotsugu; Tsuji, Nobuhiro; Murayama, Mitsuhiro (Nature Research, 2021-04-19)
In polycrystalline materials, grain boundaries are known to be a critical microstructural component controlling material’s mechanical properties, and their characters such as misorientation and crystallographic boundary planes would also influence the dislocation dynamics. Nevertheless, many of generally used mechanistic models for deformation twin nucleation in fcc metal do not take considerable care of the role of grain boundary characters. Here, we experimentally reveal that deformation twin nucleation occurs at an annealing twin (Σ3{111}) boundary in a high-Mn austenitic steel when dislocation pile-up at Σ3{111} boundary produced a local stress exceeding the twining stress, while no obvious local stress concentration was required at relatively high-energy grain boundaries such as Σ21 or Σ31. A periodic contrast reversal associated with a sequential stacking faults emission from Σ3{111} boundary was observed by in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) deformation experiments, proving the successive layer-by-layer stacking fault emission was the deformation twin nucleation mechanism, different from the previously reported observations in the high-Mn steels. Since this is also true for the observed high Σ-value boundaries in this study, our observation demonstrates the practical importance of taking grain boundary characters into account to understand the deformation twin nucleation mechanism besides well-known factors such as stacking fault energy and grain size.
A critical review of the current knowledge regarding the biological impact of nanocellulose
Endes, Carola; Camarero-Espinosa, Sandra; Mueller, Silvana; Foster, Earl Johan; Petri-Fink, Alke; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Weder, Christoph; Clift, Martin James David (2016-12-01)
Several forms of nanocellulose, notably cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrillated cellulose, exhibit attractive property matrices and are potentially useful for a large number of industrial applications. These include the paper and cardboard industry, use as reinforcing filler in polymer composites, basis for low-density foams, additive in adhesives and paints, as well as a wide variety of food, hygiene, cosmetic, and medical products. Although the commercial exploitation of nanocellulose has already commenced, little is known as to the potential biological impact of nanocellulose, particularly in its raw form. This review provides a comprehensive and critical review of the current state of knowledge of nanocellulose in this format. Overall, the data seems to suggest that when investigated under realistic doses and exposure scenarios, nanocellulose has a limited associated toxic potential, albeit certain forms of nanocellulose can be associated with more hazardous biological behavior due to their specific physical characteristics.
A diffusion-viscous analysis and experimental verification of defect formation in sintered silver bond-line
Xiao, Kewei; Ngo, Khai D. T.; Lu, Guo-Quan (Cambridge University Press, 2014-04-01)
The low-temperature joining technique (LTJT) by silver sintering is being implemented by major manufacturers of power electronic devices and modules for bonding power semiconductor chips. A common die-attach material used with LTJT is a silver paste consisting of silver powder (micrometer- or nanometer-sized particles) mixed in organic solvent and binder formulation. It is believed that the drying of the paste during the bonding process plays a critical role in determining the quality of the sintered bond-line. In this study, a model based on the diffusion of solvent molecules and viscous mechanics of the paste was introduced to determine the stress and strain states of the silver bond-line. A numerical simulation algorithm of the model was developed and coded in the C++ programming language. The numerical simulation allows determination of the time-dependent physical properties of the silver bond-line as the paste is being dried with a heating profile. The properties studied were solvent concentration, weight loss, shrinkage, stress, and strain. The stress is the cause of cracks in the bond-line and bond-line delamination. The simulated results were verified by experiments in which the formation of bond-line cracks and interface delamination was observed during the pressure-free drying of a die-attach nanosilver paste. The simulated results were consistent with our earlier experimental findings that the use of uniaxial pressure of a few mega-Pascals during the drying stage of a nanosilver paste was sufficient to produce high-quality sintered joints. The insight offered by this modeling study can be used to develop new paste formulations that enable pressure-free, low-temperature sintering of the die-attach material to significantly lower the cost of implementing the LTJT in manufacturing.
Dissolution and Diffusion-Based Reactions within YBa2Cu3O7-x Glass Fibers
Heyl, Hanna; Yang, Shuo; Homa, Daniel S.; Slebodnick, Carla; Wang, Anbo; Pickrell, Gary R. (MDPI, 2019-12-20)
This work presents a thorough identification and analysis of the dissolution and diffusion-based reaction processes that occur during the drawing of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (YBCO) glass-clad fibers, using the molten-core approach, on a fiber draw tower in vacuum and in oxygen atmospheres. The results identify the dissolution of the fused silica cladding and the subsequent diffusion of silicon and oxygen into the molten YBCO core. This leads to a phase separation due to a miscibility gap which occurs in the YBCO–SiO₂ system. Due to this phase separation, silica-rich precipitations form upon quenching. XRD analyses reveal that the core of the vacuum as-drawn YBCO fiber is amorphous. Heat-treatments of the vacuum as-drawn fibers in the 800–1200 °C range show that cuprite crystallizes out of the amorphous matrix by 800 °C, followed by cristobalite by 900 °C. Heat-treatments at 1100 °C and 1200 °C lead to the formation of barium copper and yttrium barium silicates. These results provide a fundamental understanding of phase relations in the YBCO–SiO₂ glass-clad system as well as indispensable insights covering general glass-clad fibers drawn using the molten-core approach.
Dual-phase self-biased magnetoelectric energy harvester
Zhou, Yuan; Apo, Daniel J.; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-11-01)
We report a magnetoelectric energy harvester structure that can simultaneously scavenge magnetic and vibration energy in the absence of DC magnetic field. The structure consisted of a piezoelectric macro-fiber composite bonded to a Ni cantilever. Large magnetoelectric coefficient similar to 50 V/cm Oe and power density similar to 4.5 mW/cm(3) (1 g acceleration) were observed at the resonance frequency. An additive effect was realized when the harvester operated under dual-phase mode. The increase in voltage output at the first three resonance frequencies under dual-phase mode was found to be 2.4%, 35.5%, and 360.7%. These results present significant advancement toward high energy density multimode energy harvesting system. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Electron tomography imaging methods with diffraction contrast for materials research
Hata, Satoshi; Furukawa, Hiromitsu; Gondo, Takashi; Hirakami, Daisuke; Horii, Noritaka; Ikeda, Ken-Ichi; Kawamoto, Katsumi; Kimura, Kosuke; Matsumura, Syo; Mitsuhara, Masatoshi; Miyazaki, Hiroya; Miyazaki, Shinsuke; Murayama, Mitsuhiro; Nakashima, Hideharu; Saito, Hikaru; Sakamoto, Masashi; Yamasaki, Shigeto (Oxford University Press, 2020-06-01)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) enable the visualization of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures ranging from atomic to micrometer scales using 3D reconstruction techniques based on computed tomography algorithms. This 3D microscopy method is called electron tomography (ET) and has been utilized in the fields of materials science and engineering for more than two decades. Although atomic resolution is one of the current topics in ET research, the development and deployment of intermediate-resolution (non-atomic-resolution) ET imaging methods have garnered considerable attention from researchers. This research trend is probably not irrelevant due to the fact that the spatial resolution and functionality of 3D imaging methods of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy have come to overlap with those of ET. In other words, there may be multiple ways to carry out 3D visualization using different microscopy methods for nanometer-scale objects in materials. From the above standpoint, this review paper aims to (i) describe the current status and issues of intermediate-resolution ET with regard to enhancing the effectiveness of TEM/STEM imaging and (ii) discuss promising applications of state-of-the-art intermediate-resolution ET for materials research with a particular focus on diffraction contrast ET for crystalline microstructures (superlattice domains and dislocations) including a demonstration of in situ dislocation tomography.
Elucidating the Potential Biological Impact of Cellulose Nanocrystals
Camarero-Espinosa, Sandra; Endes, Carola; Mueller, Silvana; Petri-Fink, Alke; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Weder, Christoph; Clift, Martin James David; Foster, Earl Johan (MDPI, 2016-07-08)
Cellulose nanocrystals exhibit an interesting combination of mechanical properties and physical characteristics, which make them potentially useful for a wide range of consumer applications. However, as the usage of these bio-based nanofibers increases, a greater understanding of human exposure addressing their potential health issues should be gained. The aim of this perspective is to highlight how knowledge obtained from studying the biological impact of other nanomaterials can provide a basis for future research strategies to deduce the possible human health risks posed by cellulose nanocrystals.
Energy band alignment of atomic layer deposited HfO2 on epitaxial (110)Ge grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Hudait, Mantu K.; Zhu, Y.; Maurya, Deepam; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-03-01)
The band alignment properties of atomic layer HfO2 film deposited on epitaxial (110)Ge, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, was investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy exhibited a sharp interface between the (110)Ge epilayer and the HfO2 film. The measured valence band offset value of HfO2 relative to (110)Ge was 2.28 +/- 0.05 eV. The extracted conduction band offset value was 2.66 +/- 0.1 eV using the bandgaps of HfO2 of 5.61 eV and Ge bandgap of 0.67 eV. These band offset parameters and the interface chemical properties of HfO2/(110)Ge system are of tremendous importance for the design of future high hole mobility and low-power Ge-based metal-oxide transistor devices. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794838]
Enhanced piezoelectricity and nature of electric-field induced structural phase transformation in textured lead-free piezoelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 ceramics
Maurya, Deepam; Pramanick, Abhijit; An, Ke; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2012-04-01)
This letter provides a comparative description of the properties of textured and randomly oriented poly-crystalline lead-free piezoelectric 0.93(Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)-0.07BaTiO(3) (NBT-BT) ceramics. A high longitudinal piezoelectric constant of (d(33)) similar to 322 pC/N was obtained in (001)(PC) textured NBT-7BT ceramics, which is almost similar to 2x times the d(33) coefficient reported for randomly oriented ceramics of the same composition. In situ neutron diffraction experiments revealed that characteristically different structural responses are induced in textured and randomly oriented NBT-BT ceramics upon application of electric fields (E), which are likely related to the varying coherence lengths of polar nanoregions and internal stresses induced by domain switching. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4709404]
Estimation of the Intrinsic Power Efficiency in Magnetoelectric Laminates Using Temperature Measurements
Zhuang, Xin; Leung, Chung Ming; Li, Jiefang; Viehland, Dwight D. (MDPI, 2020-06-11)
Magnetoelectric (ME) power efficiency is a more important property than the ME voltage or the current coefficients for power conversion applications. This paper introduces an analytical model that describes the relation between the external magnetic field and the power efficiency in layered ME composites. It is a two-phase model. The first fragment establishes the expression between the magnetic field strength and the temperature increase within an operating period. It uses a magneto-elasto-electric equivalent circuit model that was developed by Dong et al. Following previous investigations; the main loss source is the mechanical power dissipation. The second fragment links the power efficiency and the temperature increase in a heat-balanced system. This method is generally used by researchers in the piezoelectric field. The analytical model and the experimental data shows that the decrease of the power efficiency in a laminated composite is between 5% and 10% for a power density of 10 W/in³ (0.61 W/cm³) to 30 W/in³ (1.83 W/cm³). The failure mechanism/process of ME composites under high power density can be estimated/monitored by the proposed method for ME composites in practical applications.
Evidence of decoupled lattice distortion and ferroelectric polarization in the relaxor system PMN-xPT
Xu, Guangyong; Viehland, Dwight D.; Li, Jiefang; Gehring, Peter M.; Shirane, Gen (American Physical Society, 2003-12-30)
We report high q-resolution neutron scattering data on PMN-xPT single crystals with x=20% and 27%. No rhombohedral distortion occurs in the 20PT sample for temperatures as low as 50 K. On the other hand, the 27PT sample transforms into a rhombohedral phase below T(C)similar to375 K. Our data provide conclusive evidence that a phase with an average cubic lattice is present in the bulk of this relaxor system at low PT concentration, in which the ferroelectric polarization and lattice distortion are decoupled. The rhombohedral distortion is limited to the outermost tens of microns of the crystal.
First-principles study of several hypothetical silica framework structures
Teter, D. M.; Gibbs, Gerald V.; Boisen, Monte B. Jr.; Allan, D. C.; Teter, M. P. (American Physical Society, 1995-09-15)
Several hypothetical silica structures have been generated using a simulated-annealing strategy with an ab initio based covalent-bonding potential. First-principles total-energy pseudopotential methods have been used to examine several. promising hypothetical structures and to compare their structural parameters, cohesive energies, and bulk moduli with those of low quartz;, low cristobalite, silica sodalite, and stishovite. The cohesive energies of these hypothetical structure types are found to be equivalent to those of low quartz, low cristobalite, and silica sodalite, and significantly lower than that of stishovite.
Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystal Nanocomposite Membranes with Controlled Interfacial Transport for Improved Reverse Osmosis Performance
Smith, Ethan D.; Hendren, Keith D.; Haag, James; Foster, Earl Johan; Martin, Stephen M. (MDPI, 2019-01-20)
Thin-film nanocomposite membranes (TFNs) are a recent class of materials that use nanoparticles to provide improvements over traditional thin-film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis membranes by addressing various design challenges, e.g., low flux for brackish water sources, biofouling, etc. In this study, TFNs were produced using as-received cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNs) as nanoparticle additives. Cellulose nanocrystals are broadly interesting due to their high aspect ratios, low cost, sustainability, and potential for surface modification. Two methods of membrane fabrication were used in order to study the effects of nanoparticle dispersion on membrane flux and salt rejection: a vacuum filtration method and a monomer dispersion method. In both cases, various quantities of CNCs and TOCNs were incorporated into a polyamide TFC membrane via in-situ interfacial polymerization. The flux and rejection performance of the resulting membranes was evaluated, and the membranes were characterized via attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The vacuum filtration method resulted in inconsistent TFN formation with poor nanocrystal dispersion in the polymer. In contrast, the dispersion method resulted in more consistent TFN formation with improvements in both water flux and salt rejection observed. The best improvement was obtained via the monomer dispersion method at 0.5 wt% TOCN loading resulting in a 260% increase in water flux and an increase in salt rejection to 98.98 ± 0.41% compared to 97.53 ± 0.31% for the plain polyamide membrane. The increased flux is attributed to the formation of nanochannels at the interface between the high aspect ratio nanocrystals and the polyamide matrix. These nanochannels serve as rapid transport pathways through the membrane, and can be used to tune selectivity via control of particle/polymer interactions.
Giant energy density in 001 -textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics
Yan, Yongke; Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Maurya, Deepam; Kumar, Amit; Kalinin, Sergei; Khachaturyan, Armen G.; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-01-01)
Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 (PZT) based compositions have been challenging to texture or grow in a single crystal form due to the incongruent melting point of ZrO2. Here we demonstrate the method for achieving 90% textured PZT-based ceramics and further show that it can provide highest known energy density in piezoelectric materials through enhancement of piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficients (d and g). Our method provides more than similar to 5x increase in the ratio d(textured)/d(random). A giant magnitude of d.g coefficient with value of 59 000 x 10(-15) m(2) N-1 (comparable to that of the single crystal counterpart and 359% higher than that of the best commercial compositions) was obtained. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789854]
Giant magnetoelectric coupling in laminate thin film structure grown on magnetostrictive substrate
Park, Chee-Sung; Khachaturyan, Armen G.; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2012-05-01)
Highly dense 1 mu m-thick piezoelectric film was deposited on magnetostrictive substrate [platinized nickel-zinc ferrite (NZF)]. A strong magnetic coupling between the piezoelectric film and magnetostrictive NZF substrate was measured exhibiting the maximum magnetoelectric (ME) coefficient on the order of 140 mV/cm Oe at the conditions of H-DC = 50 Oe and H-AC = 1Oe at f = 1 kHz. This giant ME coupling under low DC magnetic field condition is attributed to effective elastic coupling. A rotation-type dynamic strain distribution was observed on the PZT film surface which provides information about the nature of elastic coupling. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4712132]

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