Center for Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (CIMSS)

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Active Vibration Isolation Using an Induced Strain Actuator with Application to Automotive Seat Suspensions
Malowicki, Mark; Leo, Donald J. (Hindawi, 2001-01-01)
Active vibration isolation of automotive seats requires actuators that achieve millimeter-range displacements and forces on the order of 300 N. Recent developments in piezoceramic actuator technology provide a means for achieving these force and displacement levels in a compact device. This work demonstrates that prestressed, curved piezoceramic actuators achieve the force and displacement levels required for active isolation of automotive seats. An estimate of the force and displacement requirements are obtained from numerical simulations on a four-degree-of-freedom car and seat model that utilize representive road accelerations as inputs. An actuator that meets these specifications is designed using piezoceramic materials. Free displacement of 4.4 mm and blocked force greater than 300 N are measured. The actuator is integrated within a dead mass setup that simulates the isolation characteristics of an automotive seat. Control experiments demonstrate that active vibration is achievable with realistic road disturbances. Feedback control is able to eliminate any amplification due to mechanical resonance and reduce the isolation frequency from 9.5 Hz to 2 Hz.
Direct and converse effect in magnetoelectric laminate composites
Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2011-06-01)
In this letter, we analyze the direct and converse effect in laminate composites of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric materials. Our results deterministically show that direct magnetoelectric (ME) effect is maximized at antiresonance frequency while the converse ME effect is maximized at resonance frequency of the laminate composite. We explain this phenomenon by using piezoelectric constitutive equations and combining it with resonance boundary conditions. The dominant factor controlling the position of peak ME coefficient was found to be frequency dependent capacitance of piezoelectric layer. This study will provide guidance toward the development of magnetic field sensors based on direct effect and communication components based on converse effect. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3584863]
Electromechanical behavior of 001 -textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbTiO3 ceramics
Yan, Yongke; Wang, Yu. U.; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2012-05-01)
[001]-textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) ceramics were synthesized by using templated grain growth method. Significantly high [001] texture degree corresponding to 0.98 Lotgering factor was achieved at 1 vol. % BaTiO3 template. Electromechanical properties for [001]-textured PMN-PT ceramics with 1 vol. % BaTiO3 were found to be d(33) = 1000 pC/N, d(31) = 371 pC/N, epsilon(r) 2591, and tan delta = similar to 0.6%. Elastoelectric composite based modeling results showed that higher volume fraction of template reduces the overall dielectric constant and thus has adverse effect on the piezoelectric response. Clamping effect was modeled by deriving the changes in free energy as a function of applied electric field and microstructural boundary condition. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4712563]
Enhanced Piezoelectric Shunt Design
Park, Chul H.; Inman, Daniel J. (Hindawi, 2003-01-01)
Piezoceramic material connected to an electronic shunt branch circuit has formed a successful vibration reduction device. One drawback of the conventional electronic shunt circuit is the large inductance required when suppressing low frequency vibration modes. Also, the large internal resistance associated with this large inductance exceeds the optimal design resistance needed for low frequency vibration suppression. To solve this problem, a modified and enhanced piezoelectric shunt circuit is designed and analyzed by using mechanical-electrical analogies to present the physical interpretation. The enhanced shunt circuit developed in this paper is proved to significantly reduce the targeted vibration mode of a cantilever beam, theoretically and experimentally.
Fatigue mechanism of textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbTiO3 ceramics
Yan, Y. K.; Zhou, Y.; Gupta, Sanjay; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-08-01)
Grain orientation, BaTiO3 heterogeneous template content, and electrode materials are expected to play an important role in controlling the polarization fatigue behavior of < 001 > textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbTiO3 ceramics. A comparative analysis with randomly oriented ceramics showed that < 001 > grain orientation/texture exhibits improved fatigue characteristics due to the reduced switching activation energy and high domain mobility. The hypothesis was validated from the systematic characterization of polarization-electric field behavior and domain wall density. The defect accumulation at the grain boundary and clamping effect arising from the presence of BaTiO3 heterogeneous template in the final microstructure was found to be the main cause for polarization degradation in textured ceramic. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
Ferroelectric properties and dynamic scaling of < 100 > oriented (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 single crystals
Gupta, Sanjay; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2011-06-01)
In this letter, we report the dielectric and ferroelectric (FE) characteristics of potassium sodium niobate (K0.5Na0.5NbO3) single crystals grown by flux method. Orientation analysis of as-grown cubical-shaped crystals was conducted by electron backscattered diffraction technique revealing the < 100 > crystallographic orientation of two opposing major faces. Annealed crystals were found to exhibit FE orthorhombic to FE tetragonal transition temperature of 200 degrees C and Curie temperature of 407 degrees C. Poled < 100 > oriented crystals had longitudinal piezoelectric constant of 148 pC/N. Dielectric measurement as a function of temperature was conducted to determine the second order parameter in Gibbs free energy expansion. Dynamic hysteresis analysis on these crystals showed the power law relations to be of the form < A > proportional to f(0.47Eo-0.85)E(o)(1.45f0.14) and < A > proportional to f(0.04)E(o) below and above the coercive field. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3600058]
Giant energy density in 001 -textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics
Yan, Yongke; Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Maurya, Deepam; Kumar, Amit; Kalinin, Sergei; Khachaturyan, Armen G.; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-01-01)
Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 (PZT) based compositions have been challenging to texture or grow in a single crystal form due to the incongruent melting point of ZrO2. Here we demonstrate the method for achieving 90% textured PZT-based ceramics and further show that it can provide highest known energy density in piezoelectric materials through enhancement of piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficients (d and g). Our method provides more than similar to 5x increase in the ratio d(textured)/d(random). A giant magnitude of d.g coefficient with value of 59 000 x 10(-15) m(2) N-1 (comparable to that of the single crystal counterpart and 359% higher than that of the best commercial compositions) was obtained. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789854]
Giant self-biased magnetoelectric coupling in co-fired textured layered composites
Yan, Yongke; Zhou, Yuan; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-02-01)
Co-fired magnetostrictive/piezoelectric/magnetostrictive laminate structure with silver inner electrode was synthesized and characterized. We demonstrate integration of textured piezoelectric microstructure with the cost-effective low-temperature co-fired layered structure to achieve strong magnetoelectric coupling. Using the co-fired composite, a strategy was developed based upon the hysteretic response of nickel-copper-zinc ferrite magnetostrictive materials to achieve peak magnetoelectric response at zero DC bias, referred as self-biased magnetoelectric response. Fundamental understanding of self-bias phenomenon in composites with single phase magnetic material was investigated by quantifying the magnetization and piezomagnetic changes with applied DC field. We delineate the contribution arising from the interfacial strain and inherent magnetic hysteretic behavior of copper modified nickel-zinc ferrite towards self-bias response. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791685]
High thermal stability of piezoelectric properties in (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)(x)-(BaTiO3)(y)-(Na0.5K0.5NbO3)(1-x-y) ceramics
Gupta, Sanjay; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2013-01-01)
We report the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)(x)-(BaTiO3)(y)-(Na0.5K0.5NbO3)(1-x-y) ceramics for Na0.5K0.5NbO3 rich end of composition (x, y <= 0.04 mol. %). These compositions were found to exhibit significantly improved thermal stability of piezoresponse. Variation of dielectric constant as a function of temperature revealed that orthorhombic-tetragonal (To-t) and tetragonal-cubic (T-c) transition temperatures for these compositions were in the vicinity of 0 degrees C and 330 degrees C, respectively. Dynamic scaling and temperature dependent X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted. Results are discussed in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric response explaining the temperature dependent behavior. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773983]
Modeling of Shock Propagation and Attenuation in Viscoelastic Components
Rusovici, R.; Lesieutre, G.A.; Inman, Daniel J. (Hindawi, 2001-01-01)
Protection from the potentially damaging effects of shock loading is a common design requirement for diverse mechanical structures ranging from shock accelerometers to spacecraft. High damping viscoelastic materials are employed in the design of geometrically complex, impact-absorbent components. Since shock transients are characterized by a broad frequency spectrum, it is imperative to properly model frequency dependence of material behavior over a wide frequency range. The Anelastic Displacement Fields (ADF) method is employed herein to model frequency-dependence within a time-domain finite element framework. Axisymmetric, ADF finite elements are developed and then used to model shock propagation and absorption through viscoelastic structures. The model predictions are verified against longitudinal wave propagation experimental data and theory.
On the energy harvesting potential of piezoaeroelastic systems
Erturk, Alper; Vieira, W. G. R.; De Marqui, C.; Inman, Daniel J. (AIP Publishing, 2010-05-01)
This paper investigates the concept of piezoaeroelasticity for energy harvesting. The focus is placed on mathematical modeling and experimental validations of the problem of generating electricity at the flutter boundary of a piezoaeroelastic airfoil. An electrical power output of 10.7 mW is delivered to a 100 k load at the linear flutter speed of 9.30 m/s (which is 5.1% larger than the short-circuit flutter speed). The effect of piezoelectric power generation on the linear flutter speed is also discussed and a useful consequence of having nonlinearities in the system is addressed. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3427405]
Phase transition and temperature stability of piezoelectric properties in Mn-modified Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 ceramics
Yan, Yongke; Kumar, Amit; Correa, Margarita; Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Katiyar, Ram S.; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2012-04-01)
This study investigates the effect of two different Mn modifiers [MnO2 and Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O-3(PMnN)] on the of phase transitions in Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 ceramics. The temperature dependence of polarization derived from measured pyroelectric current indicated change in nature of phase transition with MnO2 doping. This phenomenon was supported by the temperature evolution of the linear softening of low lying hard lattice mode as revealed by Raman analysis. The grain size was found to increase with MnO2 doping (5X) while decrease with PMnN modification (0.5X). Interestingly, the piezoelectric constant of MnO2 modified composition showed negligible degradation (<1%) even after heat treatment very close to the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition temperature. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3703124]
A piezoelectric bistable plate for nonlinear broadband energy harvesting
Arrieta, A. F.; Hagedorn, P.; Erturk, Alper; Inman, Daniel J. (AIP Publishing, 2010-09-01)
Recently, the idea of using nonlinearity to enhance the performance of vibration-based energy harvesters has been investigated. Nonlinear energy harvesting devices have been shown to be capable of operating over wider frequency ranges delivering more power than their linear counterparts, rendering them more suitable for real applications. In this paper, we propose to exploit the rich nonlinear behavior of a bistable composite plate with bonded piezoelectric patches for broadband nonlinear energy harvesting. The response of the structure is experimentally investigated revealing different large amplitude oscillations. Substantially large power is extracted over a wide frequency range achieving broadband nonlinear energy harvesting. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.106311.3487780]
Piezoelectric properties and temperature stability of Mn-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 textured ceramics
Yan, Yongke; Cho, Kyung-Hoon; Priya, Shashank (AIP Publishing, 2012-03-01)
In this letter, we report the electromechanical properties of textured 0.4Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3) O-3-0.25PbZrO(3)-0.35PbTiO(3) (PMN-PZT) composition which has relatively high rhombohedral to tetragonal (R-T) transition temperature (TR-T of 160 degrees C) and Curie temperature (T-C of 234 degrees C) and explore the effect of Mn-doping on this composition. It was found that MnO2-doped textured PMN-PZT ceramics with 5 vol.% BaTiO3 template (T-5BT) exhibited inferior temperature stability. The coupling factor (k(31)) of T-5BT ceramic started to degrade from 75 degrees C while the random counterpart showed a very stable tendency up to 180 degrees C. This degradation was associated with the "interface region" formed in the vicinity of BT template. MnO2 doped PMN-PZT ceramics textured with 3 vol.% BT and subsequently poled at 140 degrees C (T-3BT140) exhibited very stable and high k(31) (>0.53) in a wide temperature range from room temperature to 130 degrees C through reduction in the interface region volume. Further, the T-3BT140 ceramic exhibited excellent hard and soft combinatory piezoelectric properties of d(33) = 720 pC/N, k(31) = 0.53, Q(m) = 403, delta = 0.3% which are very promising for high power and magnetoelectric applications. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3698157]
A piezomagnetoelastic structure for broadband vibration energy harvesting
Erturk, Alper; Hoffmann, J.; Inman, Daniel J. (AIP Publishing, 2009-06-01)
This letter introduces a piezomagnetoelastic device for substantial enhancement of piezoelectric power generation in vibration energy harvesting. Electromechanical equations describing the nonlinear system are given along with theoretical simulations. Experimental performance of the piezomagnetoelastic generator exhibits qualitative agreement with the theory, yielding large-amplitude periodic oscillations for excitations over a frequency range. Comparisons are presented against the conventional case without magnetic buckling and superiority of the piezomagnetoelastic structure as a broadband electric generator is proven. The piezomagnetoelastic generator results in a 200% increase in the open-circuit voltage amplitude (hence promising an 800% increase in the power amplitude).
Power generation and shunt damping performance of a single crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead zirconate titanate unimorph: Analysis and experiment
Erturk, Alper; Bilgen, O.; Inman, Daniel J. (AIP Publishing, 2008-12-01)
This letter investigates the power generation and shunt damping performance of the single crystal piezoelectric ceramic lead magnesium niobate-lead zirconate titanate (PMN-PZT) analytically and experimentally. PMN-PZT is a recently developed interface for energy harvesting and shunt damping with its large piezoelectric constant (-2252 pm/V) and coupling coefficient (0.95) for the transverse piezoelectric mode. A unimorph PMN-PZT cantilever with an aluminum substrate is tested under base excitation and its electromechanical response is predicted with a coupled distributed parameter model. The power generation performance of the device is 138 mu W/(g(2) cm(3)) at 1744 Hz, causing 84% tip vibration attenuation due to the resistive shunt damping effect.
Resonant manifestation of intrinsic nonlinearity within electroelastic micropower generators
Stanton, Samuel C.; Erturk, Alper; Mann, Brian P.; Inman, Daniel J. (AIP Publishing, 2010-12-01)
This letter investigates the nonlinear response of a bimorph energy harvester comprised of lead zirconate titanate (PZT-5A) laminates. For near resonant excitations, we demonstrate significant intrinsic nonlinear behavior despite geometrically linear motion. Fourth order elastic and electroelastic tensor values for PZT-5A are identified following methods recently published concerning a PZT-5H bimorph. A response trend indicative of a nonlinear dissipative mechanism is discussed as well as the inadequacy of linear modeling. The PZT-5A bimorph exhibits an increased softening frequency response in comparison to PZT-5H. The results contained herein are also applicable to electroelastic sensor and actuator technologies. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3530449]
Use of Response Surface Metamodels for Identification of Stiffness and Damping Coefficients in a Simple Dynamic System
Rutherford, A.C.; Inman, Daniel J.; Park, G.; Hemez, F.M. (Hindawi, 2005-01-01)
Metamodels have been used with success in many areas of engineering for decades but only recently in the field of structural dynamics. A metamodel is a fast running surrogate that is typically used to aid an analyst or test engineer in the fast and efficient exploration of the design space. Response surface metamodels are used in this work to perform parameter identification of a simple five degree of freedom system, motivated by their low training requirements and ease of use. In structural dynamics applications, response surface metamodels have been utilized in a forward sense, for activities such as sensitivity analysis or uncertainty quantification. In this study a polynomial response surface model is developed, relating system parameters to measurable output features. Once this relationship is established, the response surface is used in an inverse sense to identify system parameters from measured output features.A design of experiments is utilized to choose points, representing a fraction of the full design space of interest, for fitting the response surface metamodel. Two parameters commonly used to characterize damage in a structural system, stiffness and damping, are identified. First changes are identified and located with success in a linear 5DOF system. Then parameter identification is attempted with a nonlinear 5DOF system and limited success is achieved. This work will demonstrate that use of response surface metamodels in an inverse sense shows promise for use in system parameter identification for both linear and weakly nonlinear systems and that the method has potential for use in damage identification applications.

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