Scholarly Works, Management

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Research articles, presentations, and other scholarship

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Proxy favors: Confidential proxy voting with institutional dual holders
Becker, William J.; Mansi, Sattar; Nazari, Maryam; Wald, John K. (Wiley, 2023-09-08)
Research Question/Issue: For firms with institutional dual holders, is proxy voting affected by whether the vote is confidential? Does confidential voting affect firms' cost of debt?. Research Findings/Insights: Consistent with social exchange theory and reciprocity norms, we find that, in the absence of confidential voting, firms with institutional dual holders gain more favorable votes for proposals and, in particular, for management-sponsored compensation proposals. Further, these firms pay a higher cost of borrowing. This reciprocity relation does not exist if the firm has confidential voting in place. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The results are consistent with reciprocity norms creating a psychological obligation to repay valuable favors between firm managers and institutional dual holders when proxy votes are not confidential. Practitioner/Policy Implications: The findings support the popular position that confidential voting is in the best interests of shareholders and rigorous external corporate governance.
Building an entrepreneurship education program in a technology-rich environment: Virginia Tech’s entrepreneurship ecosystem
Tseng, Chien-Chi; Townsend, David M.; Poff, Ron; Gnyawali, Devi R. (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2025-01-01)
In recent years, the entrepreneurship ecosystem at Virginia Tech has rapidly evolved into one of the leading global university entrepreneurship programs. Through an integrated mix of curricular and co-curricular programs and initiatives, Virginia Tech is leading the way in building a world-class entrepreneurship ecosystem throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia to serve the students, faculty and staff, Commonwealth citizens, and the entrepreneurship community at large. Building on the historic strengths as a pre-eminent STEM-focused institution, Virginia Tech’s comprehensive ecosystem encompasses a unique blend of academic courses and programs, student experiential learning, and a broader support system to advance technology commercialization and entrepreneurship efforts. Dedicated to entrepreneurship education excellence, Virginia Tech pushes the boundaries of knowledge acquisition and generation by taking a hands-on, transdisciplinary approach to prepare students to be leaders and problem-solvers. As the commonwealth’s most comprehensive university and a leading research institution, Virginia Tech’s entrepreneurship ecosystem spans multiple campuses across the Commonwealth and is anchored by our primary campus in Blacksburg, VA. These innovative and comprehensive efforts and demonstrated success have led to Virginia Tech’s winning the National Model Program Award for entrepreneurship education from the United States Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2022.
Many Roads to Success: Broadening Our Views of Academic Career Paths and Advice
Livingston, Beth; Gloor, Jamie L.; Ward-Bartlett, Anna-Katherine; Gabriel, Allison S.; Campbell, Joanna T.; Block, Emily; Carter, Dorothy; French, Kimberly A.; Frieder, Rachel; Hillebrandt, Annika; Hu, Jia Jasmine; Jones, Kristen P.; Joseph, Dana L.; Junker, Nina M.; Mandeville, Ashley; Otner, Sarah M. G.; Patel, Amanda S.; Paustian-Underdahl, Samantha; Priesemuth, Manuela; Shockley, Kristen M.; Shoss, Mindy (SAGE, 2024-03-05)
Advice is often given to junior scholars in the field of organization science to ostensibly facilitate their career success. In this commentary, we discuss insights from 19 elite scholars (i.e., Fellows and top journal editors) about the advice they received–and, often, did not follow–throughout their careers. We highlight some of the pitfalls from the current, all-too-common, and often singular advice given to junior scholars while also adding necessary nuance to the requirements to achieve success in our field. We conclude with advice on how to give better advice, thereby more equitably encouraging a new generation of increasingly diverse researchers and future professors.
How genuine is your diversity climate? A new typology highlighting the emergence of specious diversity climates
Ward-Bartlett, Anna-Katherine; Ravlin, Elizabeth; Park, Ji Eun (Wiley, 2023-07-10)
Research supports the notion that diversity climate (employees' perceptions of the extent to which fairness and elimination of discrimination are promoted within the work unit) can help the unit attain benefits—rather than detriments—from workforce diversity. However, the diversity climate literature rests substantially on a questionable assumption—that all unit members perceive the environment uniformly—which fails to account for the potential of individuals' distinct experiences in units. We introduce a new typology of diversity climates to address how individual and subgroup perceptions develop and aggregate to reflect an overall climate. This framework calls attention to specious diversity climates, in which a homogeneous population of employees agrees in their perceptions of a supportive diversity climate despite exclusion and/or otherwise unfair treatment of marginalized members. We explore the emergence process of each distinct climate type, explicating how perceptions aggregate to form a unit diversity climate that falls into one of five categories (i.e., genuinely supportive, speciously supportive, moderate/unsupportive, multimodal, or fragmented). We conclude with implications for theory and managerial practice.
Value Creation and Tension in Coopetition: The Emergence of Virtuous and Vicious Cycles
Ryan-Charleton, Tadhg; Gnyawali, Devi R. (Academy of Management, 2021-08)
Literature on tension in coopetition has focused almost exclusively on ‘simultaneity tension’, which is rooted in the interplay of simultaneous competition and cooperation. Our paper identifies and unpacks a distinct ‘value tension’ which occurs due to simultaneous firm value creation and joint value creation in coopetition. We layout incompatibilities between firm value creation, which is collaborative, and joint value creation, which is cooperative, and articulate the inherent challenges of pursuing both simultaneously. Efforts to pursue both can pull resources in opposing directions, forego scale and scope advantages, and undermine isolating mechanisms that are at odds with each other. We illuminate positive and negative synergies depending on the extent to which firm value creation and joint value creation are pursued simultaneously and how the ensuing tension is managed. We suggest that subsequent behaviors may reinforce the positives, leading to virtuous cycles, or negatives, leading to vicious cycles. Our integration of the coopetition literatures on tension and value with broader strategic management discourse regarding value creation provides novel future-focused insights concerning coopetition and interorganizational relationships.
Strategic Alliance Outcomes: Consolidation and New Directions
Ryan-Charleton, Tadhg; Gnyawali, Devi R.; Oliveira, Nuno (Academy of Management, 2022-08)
The pursuit of outcomes is the raison d’être for strategic alliances, yet the literature on outcomes is rather fragmented. Moreover, conceptual and empirical confusion exists between strategic alliance outcomes and how well the alliance is working. Important behavioral terms, such as conflict and tension, are also used without conceptual clarity. We tackle these issues by consolidating the spectrum of strategic alliance outcomes and explaining how outcomes are often intertwined. We also distill the literature regarding how well the alliance is working into three “functioning indicators” and highlight their conceptual distinctiveness vis-à-vis outcomes. We disentangle the definitions and implications of three important behavioral issues in alliances—trade-offs, frictions, and tensions—and discuss how they are rooted in partner interdependence. Lastly, we offer an “outcome-centric” perspective on strategic alliances, which shifts the emphasis from outcomes as end results to the pursuit of outcomes as explanatory starting points.
Walking the Tightrope: Coopetition Capability Construct and Its Role in Value Creation
Rai, Rajnish; Gnyawali, Devi R.; Bhatt, Himanshu (SAGE, 2022-06-23)
Prior research emphasizes the paradoxical nature of coopetition and the need for specialized capabilities—coopetition capability—to deal effectively with opportunities and challenges stemming from the simultaneous pursuit of cooperation and competition and to create superior value. However, we know little about the underlying conceptual properties of coopetition capability (construct clarity) and lack a reliable and valid scale to measure it (construct validity). We conduct a study in three phases to address this critical gap. First, building on paradox literature, we conceptualize coopetition capability as a multidimensional construct reflected by three underlying dimensions: coopetition mindset, analytical acumen, and executional skills. Second, we develop a 15-item psychometrically valid scale using a sample of 647 coopetitive alliances in high-technology sectors. Finally, using a matched sample of 536 coopetitive alliances, we extend the focal construct's nomological network by examining two relationships: coopetition experience's impact on coopetition capability and the effect of coopetition capability on the relationship between the coopetition paradox and value creation. Overall, our paper lays a foundation for deeper theory development and empirical research on coopetition by providing much-needed construct clarity and psychometrically valid measures for coopetition capability.
Public announcements of employee recognitions from customers and customer satisfaction: Longitudinal effects in the healthcare context
Arthur, Jeffrey B. (Elsevier, 2023-03)
This study examines the impact of periodic public announcements of customers’ employee recognitions from a non-monetary employee recognition program on subsequent changes in the number of customers’ employee recognitions and customer satisfaction. Recognized employee customer-oriented behaviors (COB) include helping and comforting patients that go “above and beyond” frontline caregivers’ expected role behaviors. Theory-based hypotheses on the antecedents and consequences of monthly variation in the number of publicly announced COB recognitions are developed by integrating theory and research on determinants of employees’ prosocial behavior, incentive-based rewards, and social dynamics found in social cognitive theory. I find that the number of publicly announced recognitions in one period is positively related to the number of recognitions in the following period. Further, I find a non-linear S-shaped relationship between the number of publicly announced recognitions and average patient satisfaction scores that varies depending on the number of publicly announced recognitions each month.
Editorial Commentary
Devers, Cynthia E. (SAGE, 2023-10-26)
The signaling effect of supplier's customer network instability on service price: Insights from the container shipping charter market
Kumar, Pankaj; Nowinska, Agnieszka; Schramm, Hans-Joachim (Wiley, 2023-04)
In a service exchange setting, the supply management literature generally assumes, with notable exceptions, the availability of complete information regarding supplier reliability. Highlighting the information asymmetry in supplier evaluation and using signaling theory, we argue that for a focal buyer, a supplier's downstream ego-network instability, that is, other buyers' turnover in a supplier's network from one period to the next, acts as a signal of supplier unreliability, thereby reducing the price that the buyer pays to the supplier in a service exchange. Furthermore, we suggest that focal buyer-supplier relationship strength and structural equivalence weaken the negative effect of instability because the buyer has a more direct and positive experience with the supplier. Using a dataset of 3263 unique dyads formed by 260 buyers (shipoperators) and 493 suppliers (shipowners) during the 2000-2018 period in the container shipping charter market, we find support for our hypotheses, except for the contingent effect of structural equivalence. Our study contributes to signaling literature and network research by developing a supplier's downstream ego-network instability as a salient heuristic for a focal buyer's pricing decisions. These findings equip buyer managers who may not accurately foresee supplier service quality in the charter market with a new supplier evaluation tool: a supplier's downstream ego-network instability.
How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection
Gottfredson, Ryan K.; Becker, William J. (Frontiers, 2023-05)
Backed by both research and practice, the organizational psychology field has come to value emotional intelligence (EI) as being vital for leader and employee effectiveness. While this field values EI, it has paid little attention to the antecedents of emotional intelligence, leaving the EI domain without clarity on (1) why EI might vary across individuals, and (2) how to best develop EI. In this article, we rely on neuroscience and psychology research to make the case that past psychological trauma impacts later EI capabilities. Specifically, we present evidence that psychological trauma impairs the brain areas and functions that support EI. Establishing psychological trauma has valuable theoretical and practical implications that include providing an explanation of why EI might vary across individuals and providing a focus for improving EI: healing from past trauma. Further theoretical and practical implications for the field of organizational psychology are provided.
How much does the firm's alliance network matter?
Kumar, Pankaj; Liu, Xiaojin; Zaheer, Akbar (Wiley, 2022-01-10)
Research Summary Extant empirical work partitioning the variance in firm (business segment) profitability has identified industry, corporate parent, business segment, and time as key sources. However, this variance decomposition research stream has treated firms as atomistic, autonomous entities. We employ a fast-unfolding community-detection algorithm to detect firms' network memberships and use the Shapley Value method to isolate the effect of the firm's alliance network, in addition to industry, corporate parent, business segment, and year effects, on the variance in business unit performance. Our findings demonstrate that the effect of the firm's alliance network explains 11% of the variance in firm ROA among 16,381 business segments from 1979 through 1996. We also extend the time period through 2018 and find that our results broadly hold. Managerial Summary In the search for superior firm performance, managers typically focus their attention externally on profitable industries in which to operate, as well as internally on their firms' idiosyncratic and valuable resources and capabilities. In addition to these profitability sources, our work suggests another important, but heretofore overlooked, factor in the managerial quest for competitive advantage: the value-creating potential of alliance networks. We employ a machine-learning algorithm to detect firms' network memberships. Our findings indicate that as much as 11% of the variance in firm profitability (ROA) is explained by the network of alliances of which the firm is a part. Our study also implies that the emphasis on networks continues to be relevant in a technology age in which industry boundaries are blurring.
Security Simulations in Undergraduate Education: A Review
Simpson, Joseph; Brantly, Aaron F. (Kennesaw State University, 2022-07)
Several decades of research in simulation and gamification in higher education shows that simulations are highly effective in improving a range of outcomes for students including declarative knowledge and interest in the topic being taught. While there appears to be a broad array of options to provide education in an undergraduate setting related to security, no previous reviews have explored computer-based simulations covering all facets of security. Given the increasing importance and adoption of interdisciplinary educational programs, it is important to take stock of simulations as a tool to broaden the range of problems, perspectives, and solutions presented to students. Our review provides an overview of computer-based simulations in U.S. undergraduate institutions published in academic journals and conferences. We identify strengths and limitations of existing computer-based simulations as well as opportunities for future research.
Cracks in the wall: Entrepreneurial action theory and the weakening presumption of intended rationality
Hunt, Richard A.; Lerner, Daniel A.; Johnson, Sheri L.; Badal, Sangeeta; Freeman, Michael A. (Elsevier, 2022-05)
Entrepreneurship scholarship finds itself in something of a quandary concerning rationality. While an increasingly large body of empirical work has found evidence of less-deliberative and even impulsive drivers of business venturing, the dominant theories of entrepreneurial action remain anchored to the assumption that intended rationality is a defining attribute of entrepreneurship. The growing schism between entrepreneurial action theory (EAT) on the one hand, and empirics and practice on the other hand, represents a consequential and exciting opportunity for the field to revisit its core assumptions regarding rationality, particularly the presence, role, and function of rational intentionality. In this study, we undertake a review and exploratory investigation of the assertion that without reasoned intentionality there is no entrepreneurship. Our work generates three important insights that contribute to rethinking key facets of the most prominent and influential EATs: alternative, non-rational pathways to business venturing exist with a non-ignorable prevalence; a proclivity towards reasoned intentionality is not invariably prescriptive; and, less-reasoned, less-deliberative tendencies do not constitute an entrepreneurial death sentence. Rather, entrepreneurs (including highly successful ones) embody a shifting blend of rational and non-rational proclivities, motivations, decisions, and actions.
Surviving remotely: How job control and loneliness during a forced shift to remote work impacted employee work behaviors and well-being
Becker, William J.; Belkin, Liuba Y.; Tuskey, Sarah E.; Conroy, Samantha A. (Wiley, 2022)
This paper investigates the impact of job control and work-related loneliness on employee work behaviors and well-being during the massive and abrupt move to remote work amid the COVID-19 pandemic. We draw on job-demands control and social baseline theory to link employee perceived job control and work-related loneliness to emotional exhaustion and work-life balance and posit direct and indirect effects on employee minor counterproductive work behaviors, depression, and insomnia. Using a two-wave data collection with a sample of U.S. working adults to test our predictions, we find that high job control was beneficially related to emotional exhaustion and work-life balance, while high work-related loneliness showed detrimental relationships with our variables of interest. Moreover, we find that the beneficial impact of high perceived job control was conditional on individual segmentation preferences such that the effects were stronger when segmentation preference was low. Our research extends the literature on remote work, job control, and workplace loneliness. It also provides insights for human resource professionals to manage widespread remote work that is likely to persist long after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Technology Management Program at Virginia Tech: Nomination for USASBE 2022 Model Program Award
Tseng, Chien-Chi; Townsend, David M.; Poff, Ron (2022-01-07)
Corporate entrepreneurship as a strategic approach for internal innovation performance
Tseng, Chien-Chi; Tseng, Cheng (2019-04-15)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore corporate entrepreneurship and the relationship between intrapreneurship and the proposed strategic models through a literature review. This paper reviews the strategic approach for increasing internal innovation performance at corporations. Design/methodology/approach – Key words were identified to use in the literature search: corporate entrepreneurship, innovation performance and entrepreneurial environment. Then, all of the several electronic databases available in the university’s electronic library, including Harvard Business Review and The University of Chicago Press, as well as journals, books, Google Scholar and other institutional resources. Findings – The six innovative outcomes are motivating individuals to engage in innovative behavior, concentrating entrepreneurial ventures through a newly minted organization within a corporation, helping innovative-minded people to reach their full potential, rewarding a corporate entrepreneur, encouraging people to look at the organization from a broad perspective and educating employees about corporate entrepreneurship. Research limitations/implications – The study was exploratory, based on a literature review. Further studies are needed using empirical research to examine why corporate entrepreneurship was attributed to be the strategic approach for internal innovation performance. Practical implications – By implementing the strategic approaches, corporate management professionals can realize their entrepreneurial intentions for the firm and maintain their responsibility to shareholders in terms of other business and development goals. Originality/value – The research constructs an input-process-output framework that minimizes external mergers and acquisitions and maximizes internal innovation performance. Value was created when corporate entrepreneurship was identified as a strategic approach for internal innovation performance.
Adapting Pink Time to promote self-regulated learning across course and student types
Baird, Timothy D.; Kniola, David J.; Hartter, Joel; Carlson, Kimberly; Rogers, Sarah; Russell, Don; Tise, Joseph (2020)
To explore new opportunities to promote self-regulated learning (SRL) across a variety of contexts, this study applies a novel assignment called Pink Time in seven different courses at two universities. The assignment asks students to “skip class, do anything you want, and give yourself a grade.” In each case, instructors adapted Pink Time to fit the needs of their course. Altogether, 165 students completed 270 self-directed projects and self-assessments targeting five component behaviors of SRL. Findings show that: (1) students were more likely to perceive success in certain behaviors of SRL than in others; (2) students’ perceptions across courses were similar for some behaviors but not others; and (3) subsequent iterations of the assignment supported higher perceived measures of some SRL behaviors but not others. Together these findings illustrate the value and flexibility of this progressive assignment as well as persistent challenges in supporting students’ SRL.
Red Giants or Black Holes? The Antecedent Conditions and Multi-Level Impacts of Star Performers
Asgari, Elham; Hunt, Richard A.; Lerner, Daniel A.; Townsend, David M.; Hayward, Mathew L. A.; Kiefer, Kip (Academy of Management, 2020-10-29)
High-achieving employees, the “stars” of an organization, are widely credited with producing indispensable, irreplaceable, value-enhancing contributions. From the recruitment of celebrity CEOs to the fierce competition for star scientists, and from lucrative contracts for sports icons to out-sized bonuses for top salespeople, human capital strategies have long promoted the importance of star performers. Sixty years of research on stars has witnessed a wide array of contexts, levels of analysis, and sub-dimensions, much of which is focused on the accomplishments of these alphatail individuals. More recently, however, scholars have begun to draw varied conclusions regarding both the favorable and unfavorable impacts of star performers, leading to a balkanization of the perspectives comprising the stream. Our review of the multi-disciplinary work on stars synthesizes disparate studies, settles definitional problems, and integrates complementary factors into a coherent formative construct. Through this, we foster the development of a research agenda concerning the manner in which star performers are, by their very nature, simultaneously red giants and black holes, the precise balance of which is fertile soil for future inquiry.
COVID-19 and the importance of space in entrepreneurship research and policy
Korsgaard, Steffen; Hurt, Richard A.; Townsend, David M.; Ingstrup, Mads Bruun (2020-10-15)
Given the COVID-19 crisis, the importance of space in the global economic system has emerged as critical in a hitherto unprecedented way. Even as large-scale, globally operating digital platform enterprises find new ways to thrive in the midst of a crisis, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) nestled in local economies have proven to be fragile to shocks, causing countless local economies to unravel in the face of severe challenges to survival. Here, we discuss the role of entrepreneurship in re-building local economies that are more resilient. Specifically, we take a spatial perspective and highlight how the COVID-19 crisis has uncovered problems in the current tendency for thin contextualisation and promotion of globalisation. Based on this critique, we outline new perspectives for thinking about the relationship between entrepreneurship, resilience and local economies. Here, a particular emphasis is given to resilience building through deeply contextualised policies and research, localised flows of products and labour, and the diversification of local economies.

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