Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia

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dc.contributor.authorde Sa, Suzane S.en
dc.contributor.authorPalm, Brett B.en
dc.contributor.authorCampuzano-Jost, Pedroen
dc.contributor.authorDay, Douglas A.en
dc.contributor.authorHu, Weiweien
dc.contributor.authorIsaacman-VanWertz, Gabrielen
dc.contributor.authorYee, Lindsay D.en
dc.contributor.authorBrito, Joelen
dc.contributor.authorCarbone, Samaraen
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, Igor O.en
dc.contributor.authorCirino, Glauber G.en
dc.contributor.authorLiu, Yingjunen
dc.contributor.authorThalman, Ryanen
dc.contributor.authorSedlacek, Arthuren
dc.contributor.authorFunk, Aaronen
dc.contributor.authorSchumacher, Courtneyen
dc.contributor.authorShilling, John E.en
dc.contributor.authorSchneider, Johannesen
dc.contributor.authorArtaxo, Pauloen
dc.contributor.authorGoldstein, Allen H.en
dc.contributor.authorSouza, Rodrigo A. F.en
dc.contributor.authorWang, Jianen
dc.contributor.authorMcKinney, Karena A.en
dc.contributor.authorBarbosa, Henrique M. J.en
dc.contributor.authorAlexander, M. Lizabethen
dc.contributor.authorJimenez, Jose L.en
dc.contributor.authorMartin, Scot T.en
dc.contributor.departmentCivil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.date.accessioned2019-11-21T14:35:33Zen
dc.date.available2019-11-21T14:35:33Zen
dc.date.issued2018-08-23en
dc.description.abstractAn understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas-and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the "T3" research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented 79 +/- 7% of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration on average, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. However, the organic PM1 was considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73 +/- 15% of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27 +/- 15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct air mass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25% to 200% under polluted compared with background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of preexisting atmospheric PM can be accelerated. This combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.en
dc.description.notesInstitutional support was provided by the Central Office of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), and Amazonas State University (UEA). We acknowledge support from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility, a user facility of the United States Department of Energy (DOE; grant no. DE-SC0006680), Office of Science, sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and support from the Atmospheric System Research (ASR; grant no. DE-SC0011115, DE-SC0011105) program of that office. Additional funding was provided by the Amazonas State Research Foundation (grant no. FAPEAM 062.00568/2014 and 134/2016), the Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (grant no. FAPESP 2013/05014-0), the USA National Science Foundation (grant nos. 1106400 and 1332998), and the Brazilian Scientific Mobility Program (CsF/CAPES). Suzane S. de Sa. acknowledges support from the Faculty for the Future Fellowship of the Schlumberger Foundation. Brett B. Palm is grateful for a US EPA STAR Graduate Fellowship (grant no. FP-91761701-0). The authors thank Paulo Castillo for his assistance in quality checking the black carbon data from MAOS. Data access from the Sistema de Protecao da Amazonia (SIPAM) is gratefully acknowledged. The research was conducted under scientific license 001030/2012-4 of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).en
dc.description.sponsorshipAtmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility; United States Department of Energy (DOE), Office of ScienceUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0006680]; Office of Biological and Environmental Research; Atmospheric System Research (ASR), program of that office [DE-SC0011115, DE-SC0011105]; Amazonas State Research Foundation [FAPEAM 062.00568/2014, 134/2016]; Sao Paulo State Research FoundationFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [FAPESP 2013/05014-0]; USA National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [1106400, 1332998]; Brazilian Scientific Mobility Program (CsF/CAPES); US EPA STAR Graduate FellowshipUnited States Environmental Protection Agency [FP-91761701-0]; Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [001030/2012-4]en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12185-2018en
dc.identifier.eissn1680-7324en
dc.identifier.issn1680-7316en
dc.identifier.issue16en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/95825en
dc.identifier.volume18en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherEuropean Geophysical Unionen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleUrban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazoniaen
dc.title.serialAtmospheric Chemistry and Physicsen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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