Tracking reduction of water lead levels in two homes during the Flint Federal Emergency

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dc.contributor.authorMantha, Anuragen
dc.contributor.authorTang, Minen
dc.contributor.authorPieper, Kelsey J.en
dc.contributor.authorParks, Jeffrey L.en
dc.contributor.authorEdwards, Marc A.en
dc.contributor.departmentCivil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.date.accessioned2020-08-25T12:35:36Zen
dc.date.available2020-08-25T12:35:36Zen
dc.date.issued2020-05-01en
dc.description.abstractA Federal Emergency was declared in Flint, MI, on January 16, 2016, 18-months after a switch to Flint River source water without phosphate corrosion control. Remedial actions to resolve the corresponding lead in water crisis included reconnection to the original Lake Huron source water with orthophosphate, implementing enhanced corrosion control by dosing extra orthophosphate, a "Flush for Flint" program to help clean out loose leaded sediment from service lines and premise plumbing, and eventually lead service line replacement. Independent sampling over a period of 37 months (January 2016eFebruary 2019) was conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Virginia Tech to evaluate possible human exposure via normal flow (2e3 L/min) sampling at the cold kitchen tap, and to examine the status of loose deposits from the service line and the premise plumbing via high-velocity flushing (12e13 L/min) from the hose bib. The sampling results indicated that high lead in water persisted for more than a year in two Flint homes due to a large reservoir of lead deposits. The effects of a large reservoir of loose lead deposits persisted until the lead service line was completely removed in these two anomalous homes. As water conservation efforts are implemented in many areas of the country, problems with mobile lead reservoirs in service lines are likely to pose a human health risk.en
dc.description.notesThis publication was partly funded and developed under Grant No. 8399375 "Untapping the Crowd: Consumer Detection and Control of Lead in Drinking Water" awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to Virginia Tech. This publication has not been formally reviewed by EPA. The views expressed in the document are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Agency. EPA does not endorse any products or commercial services mentioned in this publication.en
dc.description.sponsorshipU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyUnited States Environmental Protection Agency [8399375]en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100047en
dc.identifier.eissn2589-9147en
dc.identifier.otherUNSP 100047en
dc.identifier.pmid32195459en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/99841en
dc.identifier.volume7en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectSequential samplingen
dc.subjectProfilingen
dc.subjectLead in wateren
dc.subjectCorrosion controlen
dc.subjectPremise plumbingen
dc.titleTracking reduction of water lead levels in two homes during the Flint Federal Emergencyen
dc.title.serialWater Research Xen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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Scholarly Works, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Destination Area: Global Systems Science (GSS)