Resilient Agroecosystems: Heat Stress Mitigation Strategies on U.S. Cattle Populations

Heat stress is critical in cattle management, negatively affecting livestock welfare, health, and productivity. This literature review identifies various strategies employed to mitigate heat stress in cattle. The investigation consists of a non-systematic review of scholarly articles from academic databases such as Google Scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and more. Keywords such as “heat stress” and “cattle” were used to locate credible and valuable articles. Heat stress causes farmers to lose billions of dollars annually; these cattle experience decreased milk and beef production, decreased reproductive rates, and reduced disease immunity. At extreme levels of heat stress, cattle have higher mortality rates. The investigation into these issues requires findings and solutions to mitigate heat stress. Technologies such as milking, comfort, and cooling, as well as management practices such as feed, scheduling, and water, are mitigation strategies addressed in this review. These mitigation methods help reduce heat stress and its symptoms in cattle. Advancements in the field highlight the importance of close monitoring and integrating technologies and management practices to alleviate heat stress. This review connects to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), precisely, goals eight, decent work and economic growth; nine, industry, innovation, and infrastructure; and twelve, responsible consumption and production. The investigation connects to promoting sustainable economic growth, a resilient cattle industry, and sustainable production patterns. Additionally, the investigation advocates for sustainable agroecosystems and could be an addition to Best Management Practices (BMPs) for cattle welfare and inspire future research.