The Practice and Science of Weight Cutting

Abstract

Overview: Combat sports often require athletes to achieve specific weight classes through a variety of weight cutting practices. Some of these practices cause rapid weight loss through dehydration, caloric restriction, intense training, and other methods, followed by rapid weight gain post-weigh-in to gain competitive advantages. While such practices aim to provide a perceived edge, they can have physiological, psychological, and performance risks. Content Summary: The review explores the practice, methods, science, and safety of weight cutting. Athletes use various techniques such as diet manipulation, dehydration, and increased training, each presenting challenges and risks. Physiological impacts include reduced skeletal muscle performance, cardiovascular strain, endocrine disruptions, and acute risks to organ health and hydration status. Psychological effects, such as disordered eating and mental stress, are prevalent. While the thought of rapid weight gain post-weigh-in can suggest to athletes a perceived advantage, at elite levels of competition, the advantage is inconclusive. Conclusion: The risks of weight cutting frequently outweigh its benefits. Physiological damage (e.g., muscle atrophy, cardiovascular strain), psychological stress, and the absence of clear performance advantages at elite levels suggest the need for safer weight management practices. Further research is required to evaluate the long-term consequences of repetitive weight cutting. Governing bodies, coaches, and athletes should prioritize the control of weight with approaches that emphasize health and performance sustainability.