History of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific results

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dc.contributor.authorGreenwald, Raymond A.en
dc.date.accessioned2021-11-23T14:29:30Zen
dc.date.available2021-11-23T14:29:30Zen
dc.date.issued2021-05-11en
dc.description.abstractPart I of this history describes the motivations for developing radars in the high frequency (HF) band to study plasma density irregularities in the F region of the auroral zone and polar cap ionospheres. French and Swedish scientists were the first to use HF frequencies to study the Doppler velocities of HF radar backscatter from F-region plasma density irregularities over northern Sweden. These observations encouraged the author of this paper to pursue similar measurements over northeastern Alaska, and this eventually led to the construction of a large HF-phased-array radar at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. This radar utilized frequencies from 8-20 MHz and could be electronically steered over 16 beam directions, covering a 52 degrees azimuth sector. Subsequently, similar radars were constructed at Schefferville, Quebec, and Halley Station, Antarctica. Observations with these radars showed that F-region backscatter often exhibited Doppler velocities that were significantly above and below the ion-acoustic velocity. This distinguished HF Doppler measurements from prior measurements of E-region irregularities that were obtained with radars operating at very high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high frequency (UHF). Results obtained with these early HF radars are also presented. They include comparisons of Doppler velocities observed with HF radars and incoherent scatter radars, comparisons of plasma convection patterns observed simultaneously in conjugate hemispheres, and the response of these patterns to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field, transient velocity enhancements in the dayside cusp, preferred frequencies for geomagnetic pulsations, and observations of medium-scale atmospheric gravity waves with HF radars.en
dc.description.notesThis research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (grant no. AGS-1935110).en
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [AGS-1935110]en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-77-2021en
dc.identifier.eissn2190-5029en
dc.identifier.issn2190-5010en
dc.identifier.issue1en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/106721en
dc.identifier.volume12en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleHistory of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN)-I: pre-SuperDARN developments in high frequency radar technology for ionospheric research and selected scientific resultsen
dc.title.serialHistory of Geo- and Space Sciencesen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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