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Practical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and Their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaks

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dc.contributor.authorPeng, Z.en
dc.contributor.authorPineda Rojas, A. L.en
dc.contributor.authorKropff, E.en
dc.contributor.authorBahnfleth, W.en
dc.contributor.authorBuonanno, G.en
dc.contributor.authorDancer, S. J.en
dc.contributor.authorKurnitski, J.en
dc.contributor.authorLi, Y.en
dc.contributor.authorLoomans, M. G. L. C.en
dc.contributor.authorMarr, Linsey C.en
dc.contributor.authorMorawska, L.en
dc.contributor.authorNazaroff, W.en
dc.contributor.authorNoakes, C.en
dc.contributor.authorQuerol, X.en
dc.contributor.authorSekhar, C.en
dc.contributor.authorTellier, R.en
dc.contributor.authorGreenhalgh, T.en
dc.contributor.authorBourouiba, L.en
dc.contributor.authorBoerstra, A.en
dc.contributor.authorTang, J. W.en
dc.contributor.authorMiller, S. L.en
dc.contributor.authorJimenez, J. L.en
dc.date.accessioned2022-08-05T18:07:54Zen
dc.date.available2022-08-05T18:07:54Zen
dc.date.issued2022-01-18en
dc.description.abstractSome infectious diseases, including COVID-19, can undergo airborne transmission. This may happen at close proximity, but as time indoors increases, infections can occur in shared room air despite distancing. We propose two indicators of infection risk for this situation, that is, relative risk parameter (H-r) and risk parameter (H). They combine the key factors that control airborne disease transmission indoors: virus-containing aerosol generation rate, breathing flow rate, masking and its quality, ventilation and aerosol-removal rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure. COVID-19 outbreaks show a clear trend that is consistent with airborne infection and enable recommendations to minimize transmission risk. Transmission in typical prepandemic indoor spaces is highly sensitive to mitigation efforts. Previous outbreaks of measles, influenza, and tuberculosis were also assessed. Measles outbreaks occur at much lower risk parameter values than COVID-19, while tuberculosis outbreaks are observed at higher risk parameter values. Because both diseases are accepted as airborne, the fact that COVID-19 is less contagious than measles does not rule out airborne transmission. It is important that future outbreak reports include information on masking, ventilation and aerosol-removal rates, number of occupants, and duration of exposure, to investigate airborne transmission.en
dc.description.notesZ.P. and J.L.J. were partially supported by NSF AGS-1822664. T.G. was supported by ESRC ES/V010069/1. L.B. acknowledges CIHR and Fields, and NSF.en
dc.description.sponsorshipNSF [AGS-1822664]; ESRC [ES/V010069/1]en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c06531en
dc.identifier.eissn1520-5851en
dc.identifier.issn0013-936Xen
dc.identifier.issue2en
dc.identifier.pmid34985868en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/111477en
dc.identifier.volume56en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherAmerican Chemical Societyen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en
dc.subjectCOVID-19en
dc.subjectairborne transmissionen
dc.subjectoutbreaksen
dc.subjectindoor airen
dc.subjectrisk assessmenten
dc.subjectmitigationen
dc.titlePractical Indicators for Risk of Airborne Transmission in Shared Indoor Environments and Their Application to COVID-19 Outbreaksen
dc.title.serialEnvironmental Science & Technologyen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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Scholarly Works, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Destination Area: Global Systems Science (GSS)