Inclusive Learning Environments: A Focus on Learning Styles, Gender, and Personality Types

African-Americans have struggled to access to higher education since before Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Since the 1970s, doors of PWIs, including many state comprehensive universities (SCUs), have opened for African-Americans. However, African-Americans enrolled at these institutions tend to be less successful than White students as evidenced by the attrition disparity (Thelin, 2004). Researchers have examined many outside classroom assistance programs, such as orientation programs, mentoring programs, and learning support services, yet the retention and persistence of African-American college students continue to fall behind many of their counterparts.