Belief about nicotine modulates subjective craving and insula activity in deprived smokers

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dc.contributorVirginia Techen
dc.contributor.authorGu, Xiaosien
dc.contributor.authorLohrenz, Terryen
dc.contributor.authorSalas, Ramiroen
dc.contributor.authorBaldwin, Philip R.en
dc.contributor.authorSoltani, Alirezaen
dc.contributor.authorKirk, Ulrichen
dc.contributor.authorCinciripini, Paul M.en
dc.contributor.authorMontague, P. Readen
dc.date.accessioned2017-09-07T14:38:18Zen
dc.date.available2017-09-07T14:38:18Zen
dc.date.issued2016-07-13en
dc.description.abstractLittle is known about the specific neural mechanisms through which cognitive factors influence craving and associated brain responses, despite the initial success of cognitive therapies in treating drug addiction. In this study, we investigated how cognitive factors such as beliefs influence subjective craving and neural activities in nicotineaddicted individuals using model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropharmacology. Deprived smokers (N = 24) participated in a two-by-two balanced placebo design, which crossed beliefs about nicotine (told “nicotine” vs. told “no nicotine”) with the nicotine content in a cigarette (nicotine vs. placebo) which participants smoked immediately before performing a fMRI task involving reward learning. Subjects’ reported craving was measured both before smoking and after the fMRI session. We found that first, in the presence of nicotine, smokers demonstrated significantly reduced craving after smoking when told “nicotine in cigarette” but showed no change in craving when told “no nicotine.” Second, neural activity in the insular cortex related to craving was only significant when smokers were told “nicotine” but not when told “no nicotine.” Both effects were absent in the placebo condition. Third, insula activation related to computational learning signals was modulated by belief about nicotine regardless of nicotine’s presence. These results suggest that belief about nicotine has a strong impact on subjective craving and insula responses related to both craving and learning in deprived smokers, providing insights into the complex nature of belief–drug interactions.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00126en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/78817en
dc.identifier.volume7en
dc.language.isoen_USen
dc.publisherFrontiersen
dc.rightsIn Copyrighten
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/en
dc.subjectnicotine addictionen
dc.subjectbeliefen
dc.subjectcravingen
dc.subjectinteroceptionen
dc.subjectinsulaen
dc.subjectfMRIen
dc.titleBelief about nicotine modulates subjective craving and insula activity in deprived smokersen
dc.title.serialFrontiers in Psychiatryen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden

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