Status of Arapaima spp. in Brazil: threatened in its places of origin, a rapidly spreading invader elsewhere

The introduction of non-native fish poses a major threat to aquatic fauna in freshwater ecosystems around the world, often as a consequence of increased predation pressure, which results in adverse environmental and socioeconomic effects. In this study, we present a survey of publicly available information on the occurrence of pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) throughout Brazil, with an emphasis on the status of native and non-native populations, and discuss the implications for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and the urgent need for strict control and monitoring of pirarucu breeding programs, especially in regions where it is non-native. We believe that researchers and public policy makers/managers should collaborate in managing introductions of non-native fish and develop regulations, scientific research, risk assessments, and environmental education with this end in mind.