Geometric Morphometrics Reveal Shape Differences in the Toes of Urban Lizards

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dc.contributor.authorHowell, Bailey K.en
dc.contributor.authorWinchell, Kristin M.en
dc.contributor.authorHagey, Travis J.en
dc.date.accessioned2022-10-14T13:41:19Zen
dc.date.available2022-10-14T13:41:19Zen
dc.date.issued2022-08-19en
dc.description.abstractSynopsis Urbanization, despite its destructive effects on natural habitats, offers species an opportunity to colonize novel niches. Previous research found that urban Anolis lizards in Puerto Rico had increased adhesive toepad area and more ventral toepad scales, traits that are likely adaptive and genetically based. We further investigated these phenotypic changes using geometric morphometrics to measure differences in toe shape, toepad shape, and lamellar morphology. Our results indicate that the increased toepad area of urban Anolis cristatellus lizards in Puerto Rico is not simply an isometric increase in toe size. Toes of urban populations exhibit multiple disproportional changes compared to forest lizards, with a larger proportion of the toe length covered in adhesive toepad. In addition, the toepads of urban lizards increase more in length than width. Lastly, lizards in urban populations exhibit both increased number of lamellae as well as increased spacing between individual lamellae. We also observed regional variation, with urban specimens having significantly more disparity, suggesting similar processes of urban adaptation are likely happening in parallel across the island, yet with region-specific idiosyncrasies, possibly generating more variation in toepad morphology across urban specimens as compared to forest specimens. Considering the use of geometric morphometrics, we found that specimen preparation, specifically how flat and straight toes are during imaging, to be an important factor affecting our data, more so than specimen size or any other meaningful morphological variation. In addition, we found that landmark and semilandmark data can be used to directly estimate toepad area, offering the opportunity to streamline future studies. In conclusion, our results highlight the value of considering toepad morphology in more detail beyond adhesive pad area or number of lamellae. Geometric morphometrics tools may be employed to elucidate subtle differences in shape to better allow researchers to connect changes in morphology to ecology and adhesive performance.en
dc.description.notesThis study was conducted in accordance with all local laws and permitting DRNA permits: #2012-IC-049 (O-VS-PVS15-SJ-00542-07062012; renewed through 2015). Field methods involving live animals were reviewed and approved by the University of Massachusetts Boston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (#2012001). This work was funded by NSF DEB 1354044 and a Mississippi Space Grant Consortium undergraduate research internship, Company of Biologists travel funding, and the Undergraduate Diversity at Evolution travel funding (Society for the Study of Evolution and the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action). We'd like to acknowledge MUW's Ina E. Gordy Honors College, BH's honors committee members Dr. Ross Whitwam, Dr. Nicole Welch, and Honors Director Dr. Kim Whitehead. We would also like to thank our reviewers and members of the Uyeda lab at Virginia Tech who provided helpful feedback on this manuscript.en
dc.description.sponsorshipNSF [DEB 1354044]; Mississippi Space Grant Consortium undergraduate research internship; Undergraduate Diversity at Evolution travel funding (Society for the Study of Evolution and the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action); Company of Biologists; [O-VS-PVS15-SJ-00542-07062012]en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/iob/obac028en
dc.identifier.eissn2517-4843en
dc.identifier.issue1en
dc.identifier.otherobac028en
dc.identifier.pmid35999968en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/112167en
dc.identifier.volume4en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherOxford University Pressen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectescape behavioren
dc.subjecthabitat useen
dc.subjectecological opportunityen
dc.subjectadhesive toepadsen
dc.subjectgreen anoleen
dc.subjectmorphologyen
dc.subjectkinematicsen
dc.subjectevolutionen
dc.subjecthindlimben
dc.subjecturbanizationen
dc.titleGeometric Morphometrics Reveal Shape Differences in the Toes of Urban Lizardsen
dc.title.serialIntegrative Organismal Biologyen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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