Low Xanthophylls, Retinol, Lycopene, and Tocopherols in Grey and White Matter of Brains with Alzheimer’s Disease

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dc.contributor.authorDorey, C. Kathleenen
dc.contributor.authorGierhart, Dennisen
dc.contributor.authorFitch, Karlotta A.en
dc.contributor.authorCrandell, Ianen
dc.contributor.authorCraft, Neal E.en
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-14T13:24:02Zen
dc.date.available2023-08-14T13:24:02Zen
dc.date.issued2023-06en
dc.description.abstractBackground: Oxidative stress contributes to pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Higher levels of the dietary antioxidants— carotenoids and tocopherols— are associated with better cognitive functions and lower risk for AD, and lower levels of multiple carotenoids are found in serum and plasma of patients with AD. Although brains donated by individuals with mild cognitive impairment had significantly lower levels of lutein and beta-carotene, previous investigators found no significant difference in carotenoid levels of brains with AD and cognitively normal brains. Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that micronutrients are significantly lower in donor brains with AD than in healthy elderly brains. Methods: Samples of donor brains with confirmed AD or verified health were dissected into grey and white matter, extracted with organic solvents and analyzed by HPLC. Results: AD brains had significantly lower levels of lutein, zeaxanthin, anhydrolutein, retinol, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol, and significantly increased levels of XMiAD, an unidentified xanthophyll metabolite. No meso-zeaxanthin was detected. The overlapping protective roles of xanthophylls, carotenes, α- and γ-tocopherol are discussed. Conclusion: Brains with AD had substantially lower concentrations of some, but not all, xanthophylls, carotenes, and tocopherols, and several-fold higher concentrations of an unidentified xanthophyll metabolite increased in AD (XMiAD).en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was supported by research funds from AFB, International (St. Charles, MO); Schepens Eye Research, ZeaVision (Chesterfield, MO); Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute (Roanoke VA); a Research Acceleration Grant from Carilion Clinic.org (Roanoke, VA), and Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (Roanoke, VA).en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220460en
dc.identifier.issue1en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/116032en
dc.identifier.volume94en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherIOS Pressen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectAlzheimer’s diseaseen
dc.subjectantioxidantsen
dc.subjectbrainen
dc.subjectcarotenoidsen
dc.subjectdeficiencyen
dc.subjectluteinen
dc.subjectlycopeneen
dc.subjectmeso-zeaxanthinen
dc.subjectoxidationen
dc.subjecttocopherolsen
dc.subjectzeaxanthinen
dc.titleLow Xanthophylls, Retinol, Lycopene, and Tocopherols in Grey and White Matter of Brains with Alzheimer’s Diseaseen
dc.title.serialJournal of Alzheimer's Diseaseen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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