Deep Learning Models for Estimation of the SuperDARN Cross Polar Cap Potential

We present deep learning models for cross polar cap potential (CPCP) by applying multilayer perceptron (MLP) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks to estimate CPCP based on Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) measurements. Three statistical parameters are proposed, which are root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error and linear correlation coefficient (LC), to validate and test the models by measuring their performance on an independent data set that was withheld from the training data set. In addition, we compare the models with previous work. The results show that the deep learning models can successfully reproduce the CPCP values with much lower RMSE (8.41 kV for MLP and 7.20 kV for LSTM) and mean absolute error (7.22 kV for MLP and 6.28 kV for LSTM) and higher LC (0.84 for MLP and 0.90 for LSTM) than do the other models, which have RMSE larger than 10 kV and LC lower than 0.75. The deep learning models can also express the CPCP nonlinear properties (saturation effect) accurately. This study demonstrates that deep learning techniques can enhance the ability to predict CPCP.