Cycling behaviour in 17 countries across 6 continents: levels of cycling, who cycles, for what purpose, and how far?

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dc.contributor.authorGoel, Rahulen
dc.contributor.authorGoodman, Annaen
dc.contributor.authorAldred, Rachelen
dc.contributor.authorNakamura, Ryotaen
dc.contributor.authorTatah, Lambeden
dc.contributor.authorGarcia, Leandro Martin Totaroen
dc.contributor.authorDiomedi-Zapata, Belenen
dc.contributor.authorde Sa, Thiago Hericken
dc.contributor.authorTiwari, Geetamen
dc.contributor.authorde Nazelle, Audreyen
dc.contributor.authorTainio, Markoen
dc.contributor.authorBuehler, Ralphen
dc.contributor.authorGotschi, Thomasen
dc.contributor.authorWoodcock, Jamesen
dc.contributor.departmentSchool of Public and International Affairsen
dc.date.accessioned2021-07-29T18:06:01Zen
dc.date.available2021-07-29T18:06:01Zen
dc.date.issued2021-05-09en
dc.description.abstractInternational comparisons of cycling behaviour have typically been limited to high-income countries and often limited to the prevalence of cycling, with lack of discussions on demographic and trip characteristics. We used a combination of city, regional, and national travel surveys from 17 countries across the six continents, ranging from years 2009 through 2019. We present a descriptive analysis of cycling behaviour including level of cycling, trip purpose and distance, and user demographics, at the city-level for 35 major cities (>1 million population) and in urbanised areas nationwide for 11 countries. The Netherlands, Japan and Germany are among the highest cycling countries and their cities among the highest cycling cities. In cities and countries with high cycling levels, cycling rates tend to be more equal between work and non-work trips, whereas in geographies with low cycling levels, cycling to work is higher than cycling for other trips. In terms of cycling distance, patterns in high- and low-cycling geographies are more similar. We found a strong positive association between the level of cycling and women's representation among cyclists. In almost all geographies with cycling mode share greater than 7% women made as many cycle trips as men, and sometimes even greater. The share of cycling trips by women is much lower in geographies with cycling mode shares less than 7%. Among the geographies with higher levels of cycling, children (<16 years) are often overrepresented. Older adults (>60 years) remain underrepresented in all geographies but have relatively better representation where levels of cycling are high. In low-cycling settings, females are underrepresented across all the age groups, and more so when older than 16 years. With increasing level of cycling, representation of females improves across all the age groups, and most significantly among children and older adults. Clustering the cities and countries into homogeneous cycling typologies reveals that high cycling levels always coincide with high representation of females and good representations of all age groups. In low-cycling settings, it is the reverse. We recommend that evaluations of cycling policies include usage by gender and age groups as benchmarks in addition to overall use. To achieve representation across different age and gender groups, making neighbourhoods cycling friendly and developing safer routes to school, should be equally high on the agenda as cycling corridors that often cater to commuting traffic.en
dc.description.notesThis work was supported by H2020 European Research Council: [Grant Number 817754]; Medical Research Council: [Grant Number MR/P02663X/1,MR/P024408/1]; National Institute for Health Research: [Grant Number 16/137/64].en
dc.description.sponsorshipH2020 European Research Council [817754]; Medical Research CouncilUK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Medical Research Council UK (MRC)European Commission [MR/P02663X/1, MR/P024408/1]; National Institute for Health ResearchNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) [16/137/64]en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1915898en
dc.identifier.eissn1464-5327en
dc.identifier.issn0144-1647en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/104444en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectcyclingen
dc.subjectGenderen
dc.subjectageen
dc.subjectdistanceen
dc.subjectinequalityen
dc.subjectlow-and-middle income countriesen
dc.subjecthigh-income countriesen
dc.titleCycling behaviour in 17 countries across 6 continents: levels of cycling, who cycles, for what purpose, and how far?en
dc.title.serialTransport Reviewsen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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