Bacteriophage Distributions and Temporal Variability in the Ocean's Interior

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dc.contributor.authorLuo, Elaineen
dc.contributor.authorAylward, Frank O.en
dc.contributor.authorMende, Daniel R.en
dc.contributor.authorDeLong, Edward F.en
dc.contributor.departmentBiological Sciencesen
dc.date.accessioned2019-05-09T16:27:38Zen
dc.date.available2019-05-09T16:27:38Zen
dc.date.issued2017-11en
dc.description.abstractBacteriophages are numerically the most abundant DNA-containing entities in the oligotrophic ocean, yet how specific phage populations vary over time and space remains to be fully explored. Here, we conducted a metagenomic time-series survey of double-stranded DNA phages throughout the water column in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, encompassing 1.5 years from depths of 25 to 1,000 m. Viral gene sequences were identified in assembled metagenomic samples, yielding an estimated 172,385 different viral gene families. Viral marker gene distributions suggested that lysogeny was more prevalent at mesopelagic depths than in surface waters, consistent with prior prophage induction studies using mitomycin C. A total of 129 ALOHA viral genomes and genome fragments from 20 to 108 kbp were selected for further study, which represented the most abundant phages in the water column. Phage genotypes displayed discrete population structures. Most phages persisted throughout the time-series and displayed a strong depth structure that mirrored the stratified depth distributions of co-occurring bacterial taxa in the water column. Mesopelagic phages were distinct from surface water phages with respect to diversity, gene content, putative life histories, and temporal persistence, reflecting depth-dependent differences in host genomic architectures and phage reproductive strategies. The spatiotemporal distributions of the most abundant open-ocean bacteriophages that we report here provide new insight into viral temporal persistence, life history, and virus-host-environment interactions throughout the open-ocean water column. IMPORTANCE The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre represents one of the largest biomes on the planet, where microbial communities are central mediators of ecosystem dynamics and global biogeochemical cycles. Critical members of these communities are the viruses of marine bacteria, which can alter microbial metabolism and significantly influence their survival and productivity. To better understand these viral assemblages, we conducted genomic analyses of planktonic viruses over a seasonal cycle to ocean depths of 1,000 m. We identified 172,385 different viral gene families and 129 unique virus genotypes in this open-ocean setting. The spatiotemporal distributions of the most abundant open-ocean viruses that we report here provide new insights into viral temporal variability, life history, and virus-host-environment interactions throughout the water column.en
dc.description.notesThis research was supported by grants from the Simons Foundation to E.F.D. (SCOPE 329108) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to E.F.D. (GBMF 3777). Partial support for D.R.M. was provided by the European Molecular Biology Organization (ALTF 721-2015), and partial support for E.L. was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PGSD3-487490-2016). This work is a contribution of the Simons Collaboration on Ocean Processes and Ecology and the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education. The funders had no role in study design, sample collection, data analyses, or the decision to submit the work for publication.en
dc.description.sponsorshipSimons Foundation [SCOPE 329108]en
dc.description.sponsorshipGordon and Betty Moore Foundation [GBMF 3777]en
dc.description.sponsorshipEuropean Molecular Biology Organization [ALTF 721-2015]en
dc.description.sponsorshipNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada [PGSD3-487490-2016]en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationLuo E, Aylward FO, Mende DR, DeLong EF. 2017. Bacteriophage distributions and temporal variability in the ocean’s interior. mBio 8:e01903-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01903-17.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01903-17en
dc.identifier.issn2150-7511en
dc.identifier.issue6en
dc.identifier.othere01903-17en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/89434en
dc.identifier.volume8en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherAmerican Society for Microbiologyen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleBacteriophage Distributions and Temporal Variability in the Ocean's Interioren
dc.title.serialmBioen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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