Browsing by Author "Galappaththi, Eranga K."

Now showing 1 - 20 of 20
  • Thumbnail Image
    Climate change adaptation in coastal shrimp aquaculture: A case from northwestern Sri Lanka
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Berkes, Fikret; Ford, James D. (2019)
    Unexpected temperature variations and rainfall patterns have direct, adverse impacts on shrimp farmers in northwestern Sri Lanka. Specifically, changing climatic conditions impact patterns of shrimp disease spread along an interconnected lagoon and make it difficult for shrimp farmers to predict and control the lagoon—the primary water source for coastal shrimp aquaculture. This paper examines how small-scale shrimp farmers adapt to the impacts of climate change by collectively managing shrimp disease. We studied three shrimp farming communities in northwestern Sri Lanka and analysed adaptation using a social-ecological resilience approach with a four-part framework: (1) living with uncertainty — shrimp farmers deal with the uncertain nature of the shrimp business by controlling (rather than trying to eliminate) disease; (2) nurturing diversity — farmers tend to diversify their income sources to include other activities and they also increase the risk of disease by dispersing pond waste water in space and time; (3) employing different kinds of knowledge — farmers combine their experience with large-scale (failed) companies, their own experience, government technical expertise, and new knowledge from adaptive management (the “zonal crop calendar system”); and (4) creating opportunities for self-organization — farmers have built on their experiences with producer cooperatives, known as samithi, to self-organize into a multi-level community-based management structure. Collaboration and collective action are central features of this adaptation mechanism. This small-scale shrimp aquaculture system is persistent, i.e. sustainable and resilient because it is continually adapting.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Climate change adaptation in conflict-affected countries: A systematic assessment of evidence
    Sitati, Asha; Joe, E.; Pentz, Brian; Grayson, C.; Jaime, C.; Gilmore, Elisabeth A.; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Hudson, A. J.; Alverio, Gabriela Nagle; Mach, Katharine J.; van Aalst, Maarten K.; Simpson, M.; Schwerdtle, Patricia Nayna; Templeman, Sienna; Zommers, Zinta; Ajibade, Idowu; Chalkasra, Lolita Shaila Safaee; Umunay, P.; Togola, I.; Khouzam, A.; Scarpa, Giulia; Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative Team; Coughlan de Perez, Erin (2021)
    People affected by conflict are particularly vulnerable to climate shocks and climate change, yet little is known about climate change adaptation in fragile contexts. While climate events are one of the many contributing drivers of conflict, feedback from conflict increases vulnerability, thereby creating conditions for a vicious cycle of conflict. In this study, we carry out a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, taking from the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative (GAMI) dataset to documenting climate change adaptation occurring in 15 conflict-affected countries and compare the findings with records of climate adaptation finance flows and climate-related disasters in each country. Academic literature is sparse for most conflict-affected countries, and available studies tend to have a narrow focus, particularly on agriculturerelated adaptation in rural contexts and adaptation by low-income actors. In contrast, multilateral and bilateral funding for climate change adaptation addresses a greater diversity of adaptation needs, including water systems, humanitarian programming, and urban areas. Even among the conflict-affected countries selected, we find disparity, with several countries being the focus of substantial research and funding, and others seeing little to none. Results indicate that people in conflict-affected contexts are adapting to climate change, but there is a pressing need for diverse scholarship across various sectors that documents a broader range of adaptation types and their results.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Climate change adaptation in fisheries
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Susarla, Vasantha B.; Loutet, Samantha J. T.; Ichien, Stephanie T.; Hyman, Amanda A.; Ford, James D. (Wiley, 2021-07-23)
    We conducted a global systematic literature review of climate change adaptation in fisheries. We addressed three specific questions: (i) What are fisheries adapting to? (ii) How are fisheries adapting? and (iii) What research gaps need to be addressed? We identified, characterized and examined case studies published between 1990 and 2019 that lie at the intersection of the domains of climate change, adaptation and fisheries. We characterized the documented climate change effects in fisheries that are being adapted to multiple stressors, general climate impacts, extreme events, ocean conditions, marine system shifts, climate variability, fishery dynamics, species distribution and atmospheric warming. Three categories of adaptive responses came to light: coping mechanisms (e.g. changing fishing location, use of traditional knowledge); adaptive strategies (e.g. livelihood diversification, incorporation of technology); and management responses (e.g. adaptive management, adaptation planning). We identified key potential areas for future research, including studies on the limits and barriers for adaptation, studies using specific conceptual and methodological approaches, and studies focussing on the top-producing countries such as China, Indonesia, Peru and Russia. This analysis gives broader insights to the fisheries industry and to climate change adaptation research to proceed in the face of new global challenges.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Climate change adaptation to extreme heat: A global systematic review of implemented action
    Turek-Hankins, Lynee L.; Coughlan de Perez, Erin; Scarpa, Giulia; Ruiz-Diaz, Raquel; Schwerdtle, Patricia Nayna; Joe, Elphin Tom; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; French, Emma M.; Austin, Stephanie E.; Singh, Chandni; Sina, Mariella Z.; Siders, A. R.; van Aalst, Maarten K.; Templeman, Sienna; Nunbogu, Abraham Marshall; Berrang-Ford, Lea; Agrawal, Tanvi; Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative Team; Mach, Katharine J. (2021)
    Extreme heat events impact people and ecosystems across the globe, and they are becoming more frequent and intense in a warming climate. Responses to heat span sectors and geographic boundaries. Prior research has documented technologies or options that can be deployed to manage extreme heat and examples of how individuals, communities, governments and other stakeholder groups are adapting to heat. However, a comprehensive understanding of the current state of implemented heat adaptations—where, why, how and to what extent they are occurring—has not been established. Here, we combine data from the Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative with a heat-specific systematic review to analyze the global extent and diversity of documented heat adaptation actions (n¼301 peer-reviewed articles). Data from 98 countries suggest that documented heat adaptations fundamentally differ by geographic region and national income. In high-income, developed countries, heat is overwhelmingly treated as a health issue, particularly in urban areas. However, in low- and middleincome, developing countries, heat adaptations focus on agricultural and livelihood-based impacts, primarily considering heat as a compound hazard with drought and other hydrological hazards. 63% of the heat-adaptation articles feature individuals or communities autonomously adapting, highlighting how responses to date have largely consisted of coping strategies. The current global status of responses to intensifying extreme heat, largely autonomous and incremental yet widespread, establishes a foundation for informed decision-making as heat impacts around the world continue to increase.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Climate change and adaptation to social-ecological change: The case of indigenous people and culture-based fisheries in Sri Lanka
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Ford, James D.; Bennett, Elena M. (2020-04)
    Rural coastal fishery systems in tropical island nations are undergoing rapid change. Using a case study from eastern Sri Lanka, this paper examines the ways in which indigenous Coastal- Vedda fishers experience and respond to such change. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 74), focus group discussions (n = 17, 98 participants), and key informant interviews (n = 38) over a 2-year period (2016–2019). The changes that most Coastal-Vedda fishers experience are disturbance from Sri Lankan ethnic war, changes in climate and the frequency and severity of natural disasters, increased frequency of human-elephant conflicts, increasingly unpredictable weather patterns, and transformation of the Coastal-Vedda due to social modernisation. We used a resilience-based conceptual framework focusing on place, human agency, collective action and collaboration, institutions, indigenous and local knowledge systems, and learning to examine fishers’ responses to rapid changes. We identified three community-level adaptive strategies used by the Coastal-Vedda: adaptive institutions with a multi-level institutional structure that facilitates collective action and collaboration, the use of culture-based fisheries (CBF), and diversification of livelihoods. We also recognized four place-specific attributes that shaped community adaptations: cultural identity and worldviews, co-management of CBF, flexibility in choosing adaptive options, and indigenous and local knowledge systems and learning. These adaptive strategies and place-specific attributes provide new insights for scientists, policymakers, and communities in the region, enabling them to more effectively work together to support community adaptation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Community-based Shrimp Aquaculture in Northwestern Sri Lanka
    Galappaththi, Eranga K. (University of Manitoba, 2013)
    This thesis investigates small-scale community-based shrimp aquaculture (CBSA) in northwestern Sri Lanka. The objectives are to explore: (1) community-based shrimp aquaculture; (2) commons institutions and application of commons rules; and (3) policy implications (i.e., as an alternative to large-scale operations in ensuring sustainability). Data were gathered from three communities in northwestern Sri Lanka, through participant observations; semi-structured interviews; focus group discussions; and key informant interviews. Presence of small-scale community-based institutions is evident. Arguably, commons in this context are social-ecological systems, including the interconnected natural water body. Main characteristics of the existing resource governance system are multi-level commons institutional structure; zonal crop calendar system; collaborative/participatory management approach; and better management practices. A SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis proves the viability of existing CBSA. This thesis recognizes CBSA as an alternative approach to large-scale aquaculture operations to ensure sustainability in the long run.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Drama of the commons in small-scale shrimp aquaculture in northwestern Sri Lanka
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Berkes, Fikret (Uopen Journals, 2015-01-01)
    Aquaculture, and shrimp aquaculture in particular, can have major social and environmental impacts. However, aquaculture remains an understudied area in commons research. Can aspects of commons theory be applied to solve problems of aquaculture? We examined three coastal community-based shrimp aquaculture operations in northwestern Sri Lanka using a case study approach. These shrimp farms were individually owned by small producers and managed under local-level rules designed by cooperatives (samithi). The common-pool resource of major interest was water for aquaculture ponds, obtained from an interconnected water body. We evaluated the shrimp farming social-ecological system by using Ostrom’s design principles for collective action. Key elements of the system were: clearly defined boundaries; collaboratively designed crop calendar, bottom-up approach involving community associations, multi-level governance, and farmers-and-government collaborative structures. Together, these elements resolved the excludability and subtractability problems of commons by establishing boundary and membership rules and collective choice rules.
  • Thumbnail Image
    The effects on public health of climate change adaptation responses: a systematic review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries
    Scheelbeek, Pauline F. D.; Dangour, Alan D.; Jarmul, Stephanie; Turner, Grace; Sietsma, Anne J.; Minx, Jan C.; Callaghan, Max; Ajibade, Idowu; Austin, Stephanie E.; Biesbroek, Robbert; Bowen, Kathryn J.; Chen, Tara; Davis, Katy; Ensor, Tim; Ford, James D.; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Joe, Elphin T.; Musah-Surugu, Issah J.; Alverio, Gabriela Nagle; Schwerdtle, Patricia Nayna; Pokharel, Pratik; Salubi, Eunice A.; Scarpa, Giulia; Segnon, Alcade C.; Sina, Mariella; Templeman, Sienna; Xu, Jiren; Zavaleta-Cortijo, Carol; Berrang-Ford, Lea (IOP, 2021-07-01)
    Climate change adaptation responses are being developed and delivered in many parts of the world in the absence of detailed knowledge of their effects on public health. Here we present the results of a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature reporting the effects on health of climate change adaptation responses in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review used the 'Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative' database (comprising 1682 publications related to climate change adaptation responses) that was constructed through systematic literature searches in Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar (2013-2020). For this study, further screening was performed to identify studies from LMICs reporting the effects on human health of climate change adaptation responses. Studies were categorised by study design and data were extracted on geographic region, population under investigation, type of adaptation response and reported health effects. The review identified 99 studies (1117 reported outcomes), reporting evidence from 66 LMICs. Only two studies were ex ante formal evaluations of climate change adaptation responses. Papers reported adaptation responses related to flooding, rainfall, drought and extreme heat, predominantly through behaviour change, and infrastructural and technological improvements. Reported (direct and intermediate) health outcomes included reduction in infectious disease incidence, improved access to water/sanitation and improved food security. All-cause mortality was rarely reported, and no papers were identified reporting on maternal and child health. Reported maladaptations were predominantly related to widening of inequalities and unforeseen co-harms. Reporting and publication-bias seems likely with only 3.5% of all 1117 health outcomes reported to be negative. Our review identified some evidence that climate change adaptation responses may have benefits for human health but the overall paucity of evidence is concerning and represents a major missed opportunity for learning. There is an urgent need for greater focus on the funding, design, evaluation and standardised reporting of the effects on health of climate change adaptation responses to enable evidence-based policy action.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Equity in human adaptation-related responses: A systematic global review
    Araos, Malcolm; Jagannathan, Kripa; Shukla, Roopam; Ajibade, Idowu; Coughlan de Perez, Erin; Davis, Katy; Ford, James D.; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Grady, Caitlin; Hudson, A. J.; Joe, Elphin Tom; Kirchhoff, Christine J.; Lesnikowski, Alexandra; Alverio, Gabriela Nagle; Nielsen, Miriam; Orlove, Ben; Pentz, Brian; Reckien, Diana; Siders, A. R.; Ulibarri, Nicola; van Aalst, Maarten K.; Abu, Thelma Zulfawu; Agrawal, Tanvi; Berrang-Ford, Lea; Kerr, Rachel Bezner; Coggins, Shaugn; Garschagen, Matthias; Harden, Alexandra; Mach, Katharine J.; Nunbogu, Abraham Marshall; Spandan, Pandey; Templeman, Sienna; Turek-Hankins, Lynee L. (Elsevier, 2021-10-22)
    Growing evidence suggests that climate adaptation responses that do not incorporate equity considerations may worsen inequality and increase vulnerability. Using data from a systematic review of peer-reviewed empirical research on adaptation responses to climate change (n = 1,682), we present an assessment of how social equity is considered in adaptation across regions, sectors, and social groups. Roughly 60% of peer-reviewed literature on adaptation responses considers social equity by reporting on which marginalized groups were involved in planning or implementation. Articles on responses in Africa and Asia and those focusing on poverty reduction most frequently considered social equity. Equity was less likely to be considered in adaptation responses in Europe, Australasia, and North America, as well as in literature focused on cities. Income-based inequity was more frequently considered than gender, age, or Indigenous status. Ethnic and racial minorities, migrants, and people with disabilities were rarely considered. Attention to the levels and forms in which equity is integrated into adaptation research and practice is needed to ensure just adaptation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Five key characteristics that drive commonisation: Empirical evidence from Sri Lankan shrimp aquaculture
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Galappaththi, Iroshani (2021)
    The book is a transdisciplinary endeavour with contributions by scholars from geography, history, sociology, anthropology, political studies, planning, human ecology, cultural and applied ecology, environmental and development studies, ...
  • Thumbnail Image
    A global assessment of policy tools to support climate adaptation
    Ulibarri, Nicola; Ajibade, Idowu; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Joe, Elphin Tom; Lesnikowski, Alexandra; Mach, Katharine J.; Musah-Surugu, Justice Issah; Alverio, Gabriela Nagle; Segnon, Alcade C.; Siders, A. R.; Sotnik, Garry; Campbell, Donovan; Chalastani, Vasiliki I.; Jagannathan, Kripa; Khavhagali, Vhalinavho; Reckien, Diana; Shang, Yuanyuan; Singh, Chandni; Zommers, Zinta (Taylor & Francis, 2021-11-16)
    Governments, businesses, and civil society organizations have diverse policy tools to incentivize adaptation. Policy tools can shape the type and extent of adaptation, and therefore, function either as barriers or enablers for reducing risk and vulnerability. Using data from a systematic review of academic literature on global adaptation responses to climate change (n = 1549 peer-reviewed articles), we categorize the types of policy tools used to shape climate adaptation. We apply qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess the contexts where particular tools are used, along with equity implications for groups targeted by the tools, and the tools’ relationships with transformational adaptation indicators such as the depth, scope, and speed of adaptation. We find diverse types of tools documented across sectors and geographic regions. We also identify a mismatch between the tools that consider equity and those that yield more transformational adaptations. Direct regulations, plans, and capacity building are associated with higher depth and scope of adaptation (thus transformational adaptation), while economic instruments, information provisioning, and networks are not; the latter tools, however, are more likely to target marginalized groups in their design and implementation. We identify multiple research gaps, including a need to assess instrument mixes rather than single tools and to assess adaptations that result from policy implementation. Key policy insights Information-based approaches, networks, and economic instruments are the most frequently documented adaptation policy tools worldwide. Direct regulations, plans, and capacity building are associated with higher depth and scope of adaptation, and thus more transformational adaptation. Capacity building, economic instruments, networks, and information provisioning approaches are more likely to target specific marginalized groups and thus equity challenges. There are many regions and sectors where certain tools are not widely documented (e.g. regulations and plans in Africa and Asia), representing a key research gap.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation
    Thomas, Adelle; Theokritoff, Emily; Lesnikowski, Alexandra; Reckien, Diana; Jagannathan, Kripa; Cremades, Roger; Campbell, Donovan; Joe, Elphin Tom; Sitati, Asha; Singh, Chandni; Segnon, Alcade C.; Pentz, Brian; Musah-Surugu, Justice Issah; Mullin, Cristina A.; Mach, Katharine J.; Gichuki, Leah; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Chalastani, Vasiliki I.; Ajibade, Idowu; Ruiz-Diaz, Raquel; Grady, Caitlin; Garschagen, Matthias; Ford, James D.; Bowen, Kathryn J.; Global Adaptation Mapping Initiative Team (2021)
    Constraints and limits to adaptation are critical to understanding the extent to which human and natural systems can successfully adapt to climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 1,682 academic studies on human adaptation responses to identify patterns in constraints and limits to adaptation for different regions, sectors, hazards, adaptation response types, and actors. Using definitions of constraints and limits provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we find that most literature identifies constraints to adaptation but that there is limited literature focused on limits to adaptation. Central and South America and Small Islands generally report greater constraints and both hard and soft limits to adaptation. Technological, infrastructural, and ecosystem-based adaptation suggest more evidence of constraints and hard limits than other types of responses. Individuals and households face economic and socio-cultural constraints which also inhibit behavioral adaptation responses and may lead to limits. Finance, governance, institutional, and policy constraints are most prevalent globally. These findings provide early signposts for boundaries of human adaptation and are of high relevance for guiding proactive adaptation financing and governance from local to global scales.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Institutions for managing common-pool resources: The case of community-based shrimp aquaculture in northwestern Sri Lanka
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Berkes, Fikret (2014)
    Large-scale shrimp aquaculture can have major social and environmental impacts. Can community-based approaches be used instead? We examined three coastal community-based shrimp aquaculture operations in northwestern Sri Lanka using a case study approach. These shrimp farms were individually owned by small producers and managed under community-level rules. The system was characterized by three layers of institutions: community-level shrimp farmers’ associations; zone-level associations; and a national-level shrimp farming sector association. The national level was represented by a joint body of government and sector association. We evaluated the effectiveness of this institutional structure especially with regard to the management of shrimp disease that can spread through the use of a common water body. Lower operational costs make them a highly attractive alternative to large-scale aquaculture. In many ways, private shrimp aquaculture ownership with community-level institutions, and government supervision and coordination seem to work well.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Local studies provide a global perspective of the impacts of climate change on Indigenous Peoples and local communities
    Reyes-García, Victoria; García-Del-Amo, David; Porcuna-Ferrer, Anna; Schlingmann, Anna; Abazeri, Mariam; Attoh, Emmanuel M. N. A. N.; Vieira da Cunha Ávila, Julia; Ayanlade, Ayansina; Babai, Daniel; Benyei, Petra; Calvet-Mir, Laura; Carmona, Rosario; Caviedes, Julián; Chah, Jane; Chakauya, Rumbidzayi; Cuní-Sanchez, Aida; Fernández-Llamazares, Álvaro; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Gerkey, Drew; Graham, Sonia; Guillerminet, Théo; Huanca, Tomás; Ibarra, José T.; Junqueira, André B.; Li, Xiaoyue; López-Maldonado, Yolanda; Mattalia, Giulia; Samakov, Aibek; Schunko, Christoph; Seidler, Reinmar; Sharakhmatova, Victoria; Singh, Priyatma; Tofighi-Niaki, Adrien; Torrents-Ticó, Miquel (2024-01-08)
    Indigenous Peoples and local communities with nature-dependent livelihoods are disproportionately affected by climate change impacts, but their experience, knowledge and needs receive inadequate attention in climate research and policy. Here, we discuss three key findings of a collaborative research consortium arising from the Local Indicators of Climate Change Impacts project. First, reports of environmental change by Indigenous Peoples and local communities provide holistic, relational, placed-based, culturally-grounded and multi-causal understandings of change, largely focused on processes and elements that are relevant to local livelihoods and cultures. These reports demonstrate that the impacts of climate change intersect with and exacerbate historical effects of socioeconomic and political marginalization. Second, drawing on rich bodies of inter-generational knowledge, Indigenous Peoples and local communities have developed context-specific responses to environmental change grounded in local resources and strategies that often absorb the impacts of multiple drivers of change. Indigenous Peoples and local communities adjust in diverse ways to impacts on their livelihoods, but the adoption of responses often comes at a significant cost due to economic, political, and socio-cultural barriers operating at societal, community, household, and individual levels. Finally, divergent understandings of change challenge generalizations in research examining the human dimensions of climate change. Evidence from Indigenous and local knowledge systems is context-dependent and not always aligned with scientific evidence. Exploring divergent understandings of the concept of change derived from different knowledge systems can yield new insights which may help prioritize research and policy actions to address local needs and priorities.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Opportunities for Adaptation to Climate Change: A Comparative Analysis of Indigenous Fisheries Systems in the Canadian Arctic and Eastern Sri Lanka
    Galappaththi, Eranga K. (McGill University, 2020-06)
    I have carried out a comparative analysis to develop a broader understanding across the case studies. This work contributes to conceptual, empirical, and methodological advancements in climate adaptation research.
  • Thumbnail Image
    The Resilience of Indigenous Peoples to Environmental Change
    Ford, James D.; King, Nia; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Pearce, Tristan; McDowell, Graham; Harper, Sherilee L. (2020-06-19)
    Indigenous peoples globally have high exposure to environmental change and are often considered an ‘‘atrisk’’ population, although there is growing evidence of their resilience. In this Perspective, we examine the common factors affecting this resilience by illustrating how the interconnected roles of place, agency, institutions, collective action, Indigenous knowledge, and learning help Indigenous peoples to cope and adapt to environmental change. Relationships with place are particularly important in that they provide a foundation for belief systems, identity, knowledge, and livelihood practices that underlie mechanisms through which environmental change is experienced, understood, resisted, and responded to. Many Indigenous peoples also face significant vulnerabilities, whereby place dislocation due to land dispossession, resettlement, and landscape fragmentation has challenged the persistence of Indigenous knowledge systems and undermined Indigenous institutions, compounded by the speed of environmental change. These vulnerabilities are closely linked to colonization, globalization, and development patterns, underlying the importance of tackling these pervasive structural challenges.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Resilience-based steps for adaptive co-management of Arctic small-scale fisheries
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Falardeau, Marianne; Harris, Les N.; Rocha, Juan C.; Moore, Jean-Sébastien; Berkes, Fikret (IOP Publishing, 2022-08-12)
    Arctic small-scale fisheries are essential for the livelihoods, cultures, nutrition, economy, and food security of Indigenous communities. Their sustainable management in the rapidly changing Arctic is thus a key priority. Fisheries management in complex systems such as the Arctic would benefit from integrative approaches that explicitly seek to build resilience. Yet, resilience is rarely articulated as an explicit goal of Arctic fisheries management. Here, we first describe how marine and anadromous fisheries management throughout the North has used the notion of resilience through a literature review of 72 peer-reviewed articles. Second, we make a conceptual contribution in the form of steps to implement adaptive co-management that aim to foster resilience. Building on resilience-based insights from the literature review and foundational research on adaptive co-management and resilience, the steps we propose are to initiate and carry out (1) dialogue through a discussion forum, (2) place-based social-ecological participatory research, (3) resilience-building management actions, (4) collaborative monitoring, and (5) joint process evaluation. Additionally, we propose action items associated with the steps to put adaptive co-management into practice. Third, we assess two case studies, Cambridge Bay and Pangnirtung Arctic Char commercial fisheries, to explore how the five steps can help reinforce resilience through adaptive co-management. Overall, we propose novel guidelines for implementing adaptive co-management that actively seeks to build resilience within fishery social-ecological systems in times of rapid, uncertain, and complex environmental change.
  • Thumbnail Image
    A systematic global stocktake of evidence on human adaptation to climate change
    Berrang-Ford, Lea; Siders, A. R.; Lesnikowski, Alexandra; Fischer, Alexandra Paige; Callaghan, Max W.; Haddaway, Neal R.; Mach, Katharine J.; Araos, Malcolm; Shah, Mohammad Aminur Rahman; Wannewitz, Mia; Doshi, Deepal; Leiter, Timo; Matavel, Custodio; Musah-Surugu, Justice Issah; Wong-Parodi, Gabrielle; Antwi-Agyei, Philip; Ajibade, Idowu; Chauhan, Neha; Kakenmaster, William; Grady, Caitlin; Chalastani, Vasiliki I.; Jagannathan, Kripa; Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Sitati, Asha; Scarpa, Giulia; Totin, Edmond; Davis, Katy; Hamilton, Nikita Charles; Kirchhoff, Christine J.; Kumar, Praveen; Pentz, Brian; Simpson, Nicholas P.; Theokritoff, Emily; Deryng, Delphine; Reckien, Diana; Zavaleta-Cortijo, Carol; Ulibarri, Nicola; Segnon, Alcade C.; Khavhagali, Vhalinavho; Shang, Yuanyuan; Zvobgo, Luckson; Zommers, Zinta; Xu, Jiren; Williams, Portia Adade; Canosa, Ivan Villaverde; van Maanen, Nicole; van Bavel, Bianca; van Aalst, Maarten K.; Turek-Hankins, Lynee L.; Trivedi, Hasti; Trisos, Christopher H.; Thomas, Adelle; Thakur, Shinny; Templeman, Sienna; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Sotnik, Garry; Sjostrom, Kathryn Dana; Singh, Chandni; Sina, Mariella Z.; Shukla, Roopam; Sardans, Jordi; Salubi, Eunice A.; Chalkasra, Lolita Shaila Safaee; Ruiz-Diaz, Raquel; Richards, Carys; Pokharel, Pratik; Petzold, Jan; Penuelas, Josep; Avila, Julia Pelaez; Murillo, Julia B. Pazmino; Ouni, Souha; Niemann, Jennifer; Nielsen, Miriam; New, Mark; Schwerdtle, Patricia Nayna; Alverio, Gabriela Nagle; Mullin, Cristina A.; Mullenite, Joshua; Mosurska, Anuszka; Morecroft, Mike D.; Minx, Jan C.; Maskell, Gina; Nunbogu, Abraham Marshall; Magnan, Alexandre K.; Lwasa, Shuaib; Lukas-Sithole, Megan; Lissner, Tabea; Lilford, Oliver; Koller, Steven F.; Jurjonas, Matthew; Joe, Elphin Tom; Huynh, Lam TM M.; Hill, Avery; Hernandez, Rebecca R.; Hegde, Greeshma; Hawxwell, Tom; Harper, Sherilee L.; Harden, Alexandra; Haasnoot, Marjolijn; Gilmore, Elisabeth A.; Gichuki, Leah; Gatt, Alyssa; Garschagen, Matthias; Ford, James D.; Forbes, Andrew; Farrell, Aidan D.; Enquist, Carolyn AF F.; Elliott, Susan; Duncan, Emily; Coughlan de Perez, Erin; Coggins, Shaugn; Chen, Tara; Campbell, Donovan; Browne, Katherine E.; Bowen, Kathryn J.; Biesbroek, Robbert; Bhatt, Indra D.; Kerr, Rachel Bezner; Barr, Stephanie L.; Baker, Emily; Austin, Stephanie E.; Arotoma-Rojas, Ingrid; Anderson, Christa; Ajaz, Warda; Agrawal, Tanvi; Abu, Thelma Zulfawu (Nature Portfolio, 2021-10-28)
    Assessing global progress on human adaptation to climate change is an urgent priority. Although the literature on adaptation to climate change is rapidly expanding, little is known about the actual extent of implementation. We systematically screened >48,000 articles using machine learning methods and a global network of 126 researchers. Our synthesis of the resulting 1,682 articles presents a systematic and comprehensive global stocktake of implemented human adaptation to climate change. Documented adaptations were largely fragmented, local and incremental, with limited evidence of transformational adaptation and negligible evidence of risk reduction outcomes. We identify eight priorities for global adaptation research: assess the effectiveness of adaptation responses, enhance the understanding of limits to adaptation, enable individuals and civil society to adapt, include missing places, scholars and scholarship, understand private sector responses, improve methods for synthesizing different forms of evidence, assess the adaptation at different temperature thresholds, and improve the inclusion of timescale and the dynamics of responses.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Two faces of shrimp aquaculture: Commonising vs. decommonising effects of a wicked driver
    Galappaththi, Eranga K.; Nayak, Prateep K. (2017)
    Much coastal fisheries literature supports the idea that shrimp aquaculture has the potential to cause considerable social and environmental destruction. The aim of the paper is to highlight the two faces of shrimp aquaculture as a wicked driver, emphasizing its potential role in activating systematic conversion of lagoon –based fisheries commons to non-commons and vice versa. We use the cases of aquacultureled privatisation in Chilika Lagoon, located in the Bay of Bengal area of India, and collective action surrounding shrimp aquaculture in Northwestern Sri Lanka. For both studies, data are collected through mixed research methods, including semi-directive interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observations. Our analysis shows clear evidence that shrimp aquaculture can potentially contribute to either making commons or losing commons depending on the context and influences of multi-level drivers. Aquaculture-led factors contributing to the process of losing commons in Chilika are: large-scale, individually owned aquaculture operations; encroachment of customary fishery commons; loss of commons rights (access and entitlements); breakdown of commons institutions; policy changes; caste politics and resource conflicts; ecological disturbances; change in fishing practices. In Sri Lanka, aquaculture related factors contributing to making commons are: coordinating discharge; built-in incentive for stewardship; multi-level commons institutions; collective decision-making; bottom-up management approach; mixed commons regime; and small-scale operations.
  • Thumbnail Image
    The White/Wiphala Paper on Indigenous Peoples' food systems
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021)