Browsing by Author "Harrigan, Paige B."

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    Applying a Multi-Dimensional Digital Food and Nutrition Literacy Model to Inform Research and Policies to Enable Adults in the U.S. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program to Make Healthy Purchases in the Online Food Retail Ecosystem
    Consavage Stanley, Katherine; Harrigan, Paige B.; Serrano, Elena L.; Kraak, Vivica (MDPI, 2021-08-06)
    The United States (U.S.) Department of Agriculture (USDA)-administered Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) made substantial changes in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These changes highlight the need to identify the digital literacy skills and capacities of SNAP adults to purchase healthy groceries online. We conducted a scoping review of four electronic databases, Google and Google Scholar to identify studies that measured food and nutrition literacy outcomes for U.S. adults. We applied a multi-dimensional digital food and nutrition literacy (MDFNL) model to assess six literacy levels and components. Of 18 studies published from 2006–2021, all measured functional and interactive literacy but no study measured communicative, critical, translational, or digital literacy. Six studies examined SNAP or SNAP-Education outcomes. Adults with higher food or nutrition literacy scores had better cognitive, behavioral, food security and health outcomes. We suggest how these findings may inform research, policies, and actions to strengthen the multi-dimensional literacy skills of SNAP participants and SNAP-eligible adults to support healthy purchases in the online food retail ecosystem.
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    How have global businesses pledged to transform nutrition and food systems?
    Harrigan, Paige B.; Kraak, Vivica (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 2022-11-22)
    Transnational food and beverage companies and business organizations have resources to influence and reach billions of people around the world to promote safe and healthy high-quality diets within resilient, equitable and sustainable food systems. The Business Constituency Group (BCG) represents six global business groups, namely, the Consumer Goods Forum (CGF), the International Food and Beverage Alliance (IFBA), Food Industry Asia (FIA), the Nutrition Japan Public Private Platform (NJPPP), the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Business Network (SBN), and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). The BCG members were encouraged to make voluntary commitments at the 2021 Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit to support the Responsible Business Pledge for Better Nutrition. For this paper, we examined publicly available evidence to assess and summarize BCG member pledges and evaluate 21 BCG participant food and beverage firms and pledges. We compared BCG members’ Tokyo N4G Summit commitments with expert recommendations, examined 21 BCG firm performance scores based on Access to Nutrition Index (ATNI) and World Benchmarking Alliance (WBA) scores, and explored accountability processes to assess and report on implementation progress. We ascertained that only three BCG members (IFBA, SBN and WBCSD) had publicly posted their Tokyo N4G Summit commitments, only five of the 21 participating firms had made pledges and breastmilk substitute manufacturers had made no commitments at all. Firms underperformed when it came to overall, product formulation and responsible marketing scores. We concluded that the BCG members and participant firms should step up their pledges, strengthen their commitments and enhance transparency and accountability processes to meet the Responsible Business Pledge for Better Nutrition.
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    How have media campaigns been used to promote and discourage healthy and unhealthy beverages in the United States? A systematic scoping review to inform future research to reduce sugary beverage health risks
    Kraak, Vivica; Consavage Stanley, Katherine; Harrigan, Paige B.; Zhou, Mi (Wiley, 2022-02-09)
    Sugary beverage consumption is associated with many health risks. This study used a proof-of-concept media campaign typology to examine U.S. beverage campaigns that promoted healthy beverages and encouraged or discouraged sugary beverages. We used a three-step systematic scoping review to identify, organize, analyze, and synthesize evidence. Step 1 used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines to search four electronic databases and gray literature through 2021. Step 2 categorized relevant media campaigns using a media campaign typology. Step 3 examined campaign evaluation outcomes. We identified 280 campaigns organized into six campaign typology categories. The media landscape was dominated by corporate marketing campaigns for branded sugary beverages (65.8%; n = 184) followed by public awareness (9.6%; n = 27), public policy (8.2%; n = 23), social marketing (7.1%; n = 20), corporate social responsibility (5.7%; n = 16), and countermarketing (3.6%; n = 10) campaigns. Evaluations for 20 unique campaigns implemented over 30 years (1992–2021) across 14 states showed reduced sugary beverage or juice and increased water or low-fat milk sales and intake. Positive short-term cognitive and mid–term retail and behavioral changes were reported. There was limited evidence for long-term policy, social norm, and population health outcomes. Future research is needed to use media campaigns in strategic communications to reduce sugary beverage health risks for Americans.
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    A Multi-Dimensional Digital Food and Nutrition Literacy Model to Enable Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Adults to Make Health Purchases in an Online Food Retail Ecosystem: A Scoping Review to Inform U.S. Policies
    Kraak, Vivica; Consavage Stanley, Katherine; Harrigan, Paige B.; Serrano, Elena L. (2021-05)
    Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted the food supply, distribution and services and led to major changes in the federal government’s safety-net programs. This paper synthesizes evidence for the literacy needs of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligible adults who receive benefits from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to purchase groceries in an online food retail ecosystem. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of four electronic databases and gray literature sources to synthesize evidence in a narrative review to recommend actions for U.S. institutions. Step 1 identified health, food, nutrition, digital, media and marketing literacy frameworks and models to develop a multi-dimensional literacy model to inform policies for SNAP participants operating in an online food retail ecosystem. Step 2 identified U.S. cross-sectional or intervention studies that evaluated food or nutrition literacy including SNAP-eligible adults, and the multi-dimensional literacy model was used to evaluate these studies. Both steps informed recommended policies and actions to strengthen SNAP participants’ literacy skills for healthy grocery purchases online. Results: We examined 40 literacy frameworks to develop a multi-dimensional, five-step, digital food and nutrition literacy model that included functional, interactive, communicative, critical and translational literacy. We used the model to review and evaluate 18 U.S. food and nutrition literacy studies. While adults with higher food or nutrition literacy scores had better cognitive, behavioral, food security or health status outcomes, there were no consistent findings across the studies. No frameworks examined digital literacy, three studies reported using a conceptual framework, and six studies examined SNAP or SNAP-Education (SNAP-Ed) outcomes. The results are used to recommend policies and actions for the U.S. Congress and federal agencies to strengthen the digital food and nutrition literacy infrastructure; and for USDA, industry, foundations, researchers and civil society organizations to address the digital food and nutrition literacy needs of SNAP adults who order groceries online. Conclusions: The post-COVID food shopping trends underscore the need to enable SNAP participants at risk of food insecurity to develop many types of literacy skills to navigate the in-store “path to purchase” to the online digital food ecosystem in order to make healthy food and beverage product choices that align with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 2020-2025 and USDA’s MyPlate. Future research should test this multi-dimensional food and nutrition literacy model, validate metrics to measure progress to achieve the outcomes, and develop dissemination tools tailored for SNAP participants. Diverse strategies could be implemented by U.S. government agencies, retailers, foundations and non-governmental organizations to strengthen digital literacy and the infrastructure for a healthy online food retail ecosystem.
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    A systematic scoping review of the literacy literature to develop a digital food and nutrition literacy model for low-income adults to make healthy choices in the online food retail ecosystem to reduce obesity risk
    Consavage Stanley, Katherine; Harrigan, Paige B.; Serrano, Elena L.; Kraak, Vivica (Wiley, 2022-04)
    Adults with lower incomes are disproportionately affected by poverty, food insecurity, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In 2020-2021 amid the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) expanded the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Online Purchasing Pilot program to enable eligible participants to purchase groceries online in 47 states. This expansion underscores the need for SNAP adults to have digital literacy skills to make healthy dietary choices online. Currently, a digital literacy model does not exist to help guide USDA nutrition assistance policies and programs, such as SNAP. We conducted a systematic scoping review of the academic and gray literature to identify food, nutrition, health, media, financial, and digital literacy models. The search yielded 40 literacy models and frameworks that we analyzed to develop a Multi-dimensional Digital Food and Nutrition Literacy (MDFNL) model with five literacy levels (i.e., functional, interactive, communicative, critical, and translational) and a cross-cutting digital literacy component. Utilization of the MDFNL model within nutrition assistance policies and programs may improve cognitive, behavioral, food security, and health outcomes and support equity, well-being, digital inclusion, and healthy communities to reduce obesity and NCD risks.