Browsing by Author "Herbert, D. Ames Jr."
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- 2009-2011 Performance of Sorghum Hybrids in the Virginia-Carolina RegionBalota, Maria; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Holshouser, David L.; Dahlberg, Jeff (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2013)This report presents 2009-2011 crop data for Sorghum varieties in North Carolina and Virginia, including data on planting and harvest dates, soil type, irrigation, weed management, nutrient management, pest and disease control, and weather conditions
- 2021 Field Crops PMGBalota, Maria; Besancon, Thierry E.; Cahoon, Charles W.; Chandra, Rakesh; Currin, John F.; Day, Eric R.; Flessner, Michael; Frame, William Hunter, 1985-; Frank, Daniel; Hines, Tommy; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Johnson, Charles S.; Johnson, Quintin; Jordan, David; Koehler, Alyssa; Langston, David B.; Lamb, Curt; Lingenfelter, Dwight; McCoy, Tim; Singh, Vijay; Taylor, Sally V.; VanGessel, Mark; Vollmer, Kurt; Wallace, John M.; Wilson, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry. Commercial products are named in this publication for informational purposes only. Virginia Cooperative Extension does not endorse these products and does not intend discrimination against other products that also may be suitable.
- Abundance and Species Diversity of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cotton, Soybean, and Peanut in Southeast Virginia, and Evaluation of Cyantraniliprole for Thrips ManagementSamler, Jessica Anne (Virginia Tech, 2012-04-24)Thrips are major agricultural pests throughout much of the United States. More information is needed about sampling methods, management practices, and insecticide susceptibility to help better control this pest. A two year survey was conducted to determine the species present in southeast Virginia and the population characteristics of those species. Thrips were monitored using yellow sticky traps. Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, were the most abundant species. In general thrips populations began to build up beginning in April, peaked in August, and then started to decline. Differences in this trend were observed between species. A study was conducted in seedling soybean to evaluate the within-plant location of thrips, whether a plant subsample could be used for thrips monitoring, and to determine the thrips species complex present. Soybean thrips, Neohydatothrips variabilis, were the most prominent species present. The greatest density of thrips larvae was located in the terminal bud of the seedling and suggests that immature thrips aggregate. Neither of the proposed subsamples of plant material explained the variability in immature thrips numbers and at this time we recommend whole-plant sampling for obtaining the most accurate estimate of thrips populations in seedling soybean. Tobacco thrips, F. fusca, as well as a complex of other thrips species attack cotton and peanut seedlings and can cause significant yield loss to these crops in the mid-Atlantic U.S. Experiments were conducted in these two crops to assess the efficacy of a novel diamide insecticide cyantraniliprole applied as a liquid in-furrow at planting and post-plant emergence broadcast spray treatment to control thrips. In both cropping systems cyantraniliprole significantly reduced the number of immature thrips and reduced thrips feeding injury to the plants. In several instances cyantraniliprole treatments resulted in increased yield as compared to the non-insecticide treated control and yields which were statistically similar to those obtained with standard thrips control insecticides. Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the toxicity (LC50 values) of cyantraniliprole and two conventional insecticides against F. fusca adults. Results of these assays were inconclusive. At times F. fusca adults were susceptible to the insecticides, but the results could not be replicated consistently.
- Agronomy HandbookBrann, Daniel Edward; Abaye, Azenegashe Ozzie; Peterson, Paul R.; Chalmers, David R.; Whitt, David L.; Chappell, Glenn F.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; McNeill, Sam; Baker, James C.; Donohue, Stephen J.; Alley, Marcus M.; Evanylo, Gregory K.; Mullins, Gregory L.; Hagood, Edward Scott; Stallings, Charles C.; Umberger, Steven H.; Swann, Charles W.; Reed, David T.; Holshouser, David L. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Provides readers with a source of agronomic information such as field crops, turfgrasses, variety selection, seed science, soil management, nutrient management and soil suitability for urban purposes that does not change frequently - pesticide and varietal information changes frequently and is therefor not included.
- Aphids in Virginia Small Grains: Life Cycles, Damage and ControlHerbert, D. Ames Jr.; Hull, Cathy; Youngman, Roger R.; Day, Eric R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2005-09-01)Describes life cycle of four species of aphid and damage on small grain crops in Virginia. Discusses prediction of aphid population outbreaks and methods of sampling plants for aphids. Also discusses aphid predators and parasites.
- Assessment of Soybean Leaf Area for Redefining Management Strategies for Leaf-Feeding InsectsMalone, Sean M. (Virginia Tech, 2001-08-31)Commercially available leaf area index (LAI) meters are tools that can be used in making insect management decisions. However, proper technique must be determined for LAI estimation, and accuracy must be validated for the meters. Full-season soybean require LAI values of at least 3.5 to 4.0 by early to mid-reproductive developmental stages to achieve maximum yield potential, but the relationship between double-crop soybean LAI and yield is unknown. This research (1) evaluated minimum plot size requirements for mechanically defoliated soybean experiments using the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer, (2) compared LAI estimates among LAI-2000 detector types which respond to different wavelengths of light, (3) compared LAI-2000 estimates with directly determined LAI values for 0, 33, 66, and 100% mechanical defoliation levels, (4) used linear and non-linear models to describe the response of full-season and double-crop soybean yields to reductions in LAI through mechanical defoliation, and (5) evaluated the response of double-crop soybean yields to reductions in LAI through insect defoliation. The minimum plot size for obtaining accurate LAI estimates of defoliated canopies in soybean with 91 cm row centers is four rows by 2 m, with an additional 1 m at the ends of the two middle rows also defoliated. The wide-blue detector, which is found in newer LAI-2000 units and responds to wavelengths of light from 360 to 460 nm, gave higher LAI estimates than the narrow-blue detector, which responds to light from 400 to 490 nm. The unit with the narrow-blue detector gave estimates equal to directly determined LAI in two of three years for 0, 33, and 66% defoliation levels, while the units with the wide-blue detectors gave estimates higher than directly determined LAI in the two years that they were studied, except for a few accurate 33% defoliation estimates. Therefore, the LAI-2000 usually provides reasonable estimates of LAI. Yield decreased linearly with LAI when LAI values were below 3.5 to 4.0 by developmental stages R4 to R5 in both full-season and double-crop soybean. Usually, there was no relationship between yield and LAI at LAI values greater than 4.0. There was an average yield reduction of 820 ± 262 kg ha⁻¹ for each unit decrease in LAI below the critical 3.5 to 4.0 level; maximum yields ranged from 1909 to 3797 kg ha⁻¹. Insect defoliators did not defoliate double-crop soybean plots to LAI levels less than 4.0, and there was no yield difference between insect-defoliated and control plots. Therefore, double-crop soybean that maintains LAI values above the 3.5 to 4.0 critical level during mid-reproductive developmental stages is capable of tolerating defoliating pest
- Behavior of and Crop Injury Induced by Native and Exotic Stink Bugs in Mid-Atlantic SoybeanOwens, David Robert (Virginia Tech, 2012-04-23)Cage studies were performed to determine if the current thresholds for stink bugs in soybean (one bug per 0.3 row m) need to be adjusted based on current soybean production practices and species present. Several soybean development stages were infested by two native stink bug species for three weeks using small cages in a field of double crop soybean at sites in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware during 2007-2009. Large field cages were infested by an introduced species for two weeks in 2010-2011. Results showed that Euschistus servus Say and Acrosternum hilare Say adults or nymphs did not cause different levels of injury to soybean seed quality or effects on yield. Both A. hilare and the introduced Halyomorpha halys Stål injured soybean seed in a similar fashion at threshold-level densities. Full flowering R2 stage soybean were least affected by stink bug feeding, and full pod and beginning seed R4-R5 stage soybean were slightly more sensitive to injury than R6 although not at the Maryland 2011 site. Several sites had increased seed injury and decreased yield at threshold density populations. Finally, visual observations of stink bug vertical distribution inside soybean canopies were taken several times per day and compared with ambient and within-canopy temperature and relative humidity. Results indicated that these conditions did not influence the percentage of stink bugs below the top 38 cm sweep net intercept zone. In both years of observations, between 15 and 20% of stink bugs were observed below the 38 cm sweep net zone.
- Biology and Management of Hessian Fly in the SoutheastFlanders, Kathy L.; Reisig, Dominic D.; Buntin, G. David; Winslow, Matthew; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Johnson, Douglas W. (Alabama Cooperative Extension System, 2013-02-27)Describes life cycle of Mayetiola destructor and its damage to wheat and other grain crops, and includes management strategies.
- Biology and Management of the Green Stink BugKamminga, Katherine; Koppel, Amanda Leigh; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Kuhar, Thomas P. (Entomological Society of America, 2012-12-01)The green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say) [Chinavia hilaris (Say)] (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most damaging native stink bug species in the United States. It is a pest of economic importance in a variety of commodities, including cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Stink bug feeding can result in cosmetic damage as well as reduced quality and yield. Acrosternum hilare and other stink bugs have become a major challenge to integrated pest management systems because control options are basically limited to the application of broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids. However, neonicotinoids are generally effective for control of this stink bug and may be less disruptive to natural enemies. Further options for stink bug management that are being explored include the use of trap crops and enhancing beneficial parasitoid populations. The green stink bug is native and found throughout the United States. It has a wide host range, and is a pest of many agricultural commodities. The green stink bug can cause feeding injury to fruit, vegetable, and field crops that may require preventative management. Many strategies are available for its control, which include multiple chemical, cultural, and biological options. Broad-spectrum insecticides such as pyrethroids and organophosphates, as well as the less toxic neonicotinoids, are efficacious against the green stink bug. Cultural options, including trap cropping and the planting of resistant varieties, have been documented as decreasing crop injury by stink bugs. In addition, there are multiple natural enemies that reduce population numbers.
- Biology, Crop Injury, and Management of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Infesting Cotton Seedlings in the United StatesCook, D.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Akin, D. S.; Reed, J. (Entomological Society of America, 2011-10-01)Several species of thrips are known to infest cotton seedlings in the United States and constitute one of the most common insect pest challenges for growers. The species complex, species abundance, extent of crop injury, and impact on lint yield varies widely across the cotton states. Cotton seedlings are most susceptible to thrips injury during the first 4 to 5 weeks after plant emergence. Feeding by thrips results in distortion, malformation and tearing of seedling leaves, reduced leaf area and plant height, reduced root growth, and injury to or death of the apical meristem, the latter of which leads to excessive vegetative branching. Plant maturity (i.e., fruit production) can be delayed and in extreme cases, losses of as much a 30-50% of lint yield potential have been reported. To date, no varieties of cotton have resistance to thrips, so controls are based solely on insecticide applications. Treatment thresholds and control practices (e.g., insecticide seed treatments, in-furrow or foliar applied insecticides) vary widely across cotton states. This article provides a brief summary of the various species of thrips present in U.S. cotton, their plant host range and injury to cotton, a general description of thrips biology, and management practices currently available to growers.
- Biology, ecology, and management of brown marmorated stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)Rice, Kevin B.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Bergmann, Eric J.; Biddinger, David J.; Dieckhoff, Christine; Dively, Gale; Fraser, Hannah; Gariepy, Tara; Hamilton, George; Haye, Tim; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Hooks, Cerruti R. R.; Jones, Ashley; Krawczyk, Greg; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Martinson, Holly; Mitchell, William; Nielsen, Anne L.; Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Raupp, Michael J.; Rodriguez-Saona, Cesar; Shearer, Peter W.; Shrewsbury, Paula M.; Venugopal, P. Dilip; Whalen, Joanne; Wiman, Nik G.; Leskey, Tracy C.; Tooker, John F. (2014)Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, is an invasive, herbivorous insect species that was accidentally introduced to the United States from Asia. First discovered in Allentown, PA, in 1996, H. halys has now been reported from at least 40 states in the United States. Additional invasions have been detected in Canada, Switzerland, France, Germany, Italy, and Lichtenstein, suggesting this invasive species could emerge as a cosmopolitan pest species. In its native range, H. halys is classified as an outbreak pest; however, in North America, H. halys has become a major agricultural pest across a wide range of commodities. H. halys is a generalist herbivore, capable of consuming >100 different species of host plants, often resulting in substantial economic damage; its feeding damage resulted in US$37 million of losses in apple in 2010, but this stink bug species also attacks other fruit, vegetable, field crop, and ornamental plant species. H. halys has disrupted integrated pest management programs for multiple cropping systems. Pesticide applications, including broad-spectrum insecticides, have increased in response to H. halys infestations, potentially negatively influencing populations of beneficial arthropods and increasing secondary pest outbreaks. H. halys is also challenging because it affects homeowners as a nuisance pest; the bug tends to overwinter in homes and outbuildings. Although more research is required to better understand the ecology and biology of H. halys,we present its life history, host plant damage, and the management options available for this invasive pest species.
- Biology, Pest Status, Microbiome and Control of Kudzu Bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Plataspidae): A New Invasive Pest in the U.S.Dhammi, Anirudh; van Krestchmar, Jaap B.; Ponnusamy, Loganathan; Bacheler, Jack S.; Reisig, Dominic D.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Del Pozo-Valdivia, Alejandro I.; Roe, R. Michael (MDPI, 2016-09-16)Soybean is an important food crop, and insect integrated pest management (IPM) is critical to the sustainability of this production system. In recent years, the introduction into the United States of the kudzu bug currently identified as Megacopta cribraria (F.), poses a threat to soybean production. The kudzu bug was first discovered in the state of Georgia, U.S. in 2009 and since then has spread to most of the southeastern states. Because it was not found in the North American subcontinent before this time, much of our knowledge of this insect comes from research done in its native habitat. However, since the U.S. introduction, studies have been undertaken to improve our understanding of the kudzu bug basic biology, microbiome, migration patterns, host selection and management in its expanding new range. Researchers are not only looking at developing IPM strategies for the kudzu bug in soybean, but also at its unique relationship with symbiotic bacteria. Adult females deposit bacterial packets with their eggs, and the neonates feed on these packets to acquire the bacteria, Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata. The kudzu bug should be an informative model to study the co-evolution of insect function and behavior with that of a single bacteria species. We review kudzu bug trapping and survey methods, the development of bioassays for insecticide susceptibility, insecticide efficacy, host preferences, impact of the pest on urban environments, population expansion, and the occurrence of natural enemies. The identity of the kudzu bug in the U.S. is not clear. We propose that the kudzu bug currently accepted as M. cribraria in the U.S. is actually Megacopta punctatissima, with more work needed to confirm this hypothesis.
- Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Infestations in Tree Borders and Subsequent Patterns of Abundance in Soybean FieldsAigner, Benjamin L.; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Brewster, Carlyle C.; Hogue, J. W.; Aigner, John D. (Oxford University Press, 2017-04-01)The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Sta° l) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important pest of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in the Mid-Atlantic United States. In order to assess the influence of nonmanaged wooded borders on H. halys infestation patterns in soybean, 12 soybean fields in Orange and Madison Counties, VA, were sampled each week from July to October in 2013 or 2014 for H. halys. At each location, five 2-min visual counts of H. halys life stages were made on tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Mill.) and other favorable host trees along a wooded border, on the adjacent soybean edge, 15 m into the soybean field, and 30 m into the field. Seasonal data showed a clear trend at all locations of H. halys densities building up on A. altissima-dominated wooded borders in July, then, gradually moving into adjacent soybean field edges later in the summer. Halyomorpha halys did not move far from the invading field edge, with approximately half as many bugs being present at 15 m into the field and very few being detected 30 m into the field. These results have implications for continued monitoring and management using field border sprays, particularly on edges adjacent to woods.
- Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Biology and Management in Mid-Atlantic SoybeansAigner, Benjamin L.; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Hogue, Jamie; Malone, Sean M.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Seymore, Ed (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2015-11-05)Reviews the life cycle and threat of the brown marmorated stink bug, its impact on soybean plants, and management strategies to minimize this impact, and protect soybean crops.
- Catalpa Sphinx CaterpillarDay, Eric R.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2014-11-14)Describes life history of Ceratomia catalpae, damage to foliage of catalpa trees, and recommendations for control.
- Catalpa Sphinx Caterpillar: Lepidoptera: Sphingidae, Ceratomia catalpae (Boisduval)Day, Eric R.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-11-20)Describes life history of Ceratomia catalpae, damage to foliage of catalpa trees, and recommendations for control.
- Cereal Leaf Beetle, Biology and ManagementHerbert, D. Ames Jr.; Van Duyn, John W. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2020)Cereal leaf beetle, their description, life cycle, the damage they do to leaves and fields, their management in wheat, insecticidal control and chemical control, scouting method, and scouting frequency
- Cereal Leaf Beetle: Biology and ManagementHerbert, D. Ames Jr.; Van Duyn, J. W. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009-05-01)Describes life cycle, habitat and damage to small grain crops, and also describes means of determining level of investigation and methods of control.
- Compensation of Cotton to Square Removal at Various RatesPitman, Virginia Leigh (Virginia Tech, 2000-04-22)Fruit abscission is a natural occurrence in cotton. Fruiting retention is very important since yields are highly correlated with number of bolls produced. There are many factors contributing to the abscission of squares by cotton, including environmental conditions, heavy boll load, diseases, and insect feeding. An experiment was designed to evaluate the compensation capacity of cotton at various levels of square removal using two cotton cultivars at two planting dates over two Virginia locations; the effect of mechanical square removal on cotton yield components and quality; and to evaluate the use and effectiveness of COTMAN in tracking major phenological stages PHS, FF, and Cutout of cotton at various rates of square removal. In 1998, DPL 51 was planted on May first at the Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Suffolk, Virginia. This was an ideal location, planting date, and variety, so in 1999, the experiment was expanded to ascertain whether cotton would have the same compensation capacity in less ideal conditions. In 1999, two varieties were planted, DPL 51 (early maturing) and DPL 5111 (late maturing), on two planting dates (two weeks apart), and in a location outside the traditional cotton growing region, the Southern Piedmont AREC in Blackstone, Virginia. Five levels of manual desquaring treatments (0%, 12-15%, 20-25%, and 30-40% of first position squares, and 20% of small bolls [Suffolk, 1999 only]) were used in both years. The physiological progress of the crop was monitored using the COTMAN cotton monitoring system and compared to the Target Development Curve (TDC). Over both years, there were no significant differences in boll numbers or yield among any of the square removal treatments. Comparison of fruiting curves with the TDC showed that in both 1998 and 1999, the influence of square removal in excess of 30-40% resulted in a lower apogee and premature cut-out. Also, though not statistically significant, yield was greatly reduced at the 30-40% square removal rate, often by as much as 448 kg/ha. In many cases, a lower level of square removal (varying between the 12-15% and the 20-25% rates) seemed to stimulate the growth and development of the crop. It may also contribute to a higher level of square retention. The results of this study suggest that cotton plants will compensate for up to 30% of first position square loss, with no reduction in yields.
- Contrasting Role of Temperature in Structuring Regional Patterns of Invasive and Native Pestilential Stink BugsVenugopal, P. Dilip; Dively, Galen P.; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Malone, Sean M.; Whalen, Joanne; Lamp, William O. (PLOS, 2016-02-29)Objectives Assessment and identification of spatial structures in the distribution and abundance of invasive species is important for unraveling the underlying ecological processes. The invasive agricultural insect pest Halyomorpha halys that causes severe economic losses in the United States is currently expanding both within United States and across Europe. We examined the drivers of H. halys invasion by characterizing the distribution and abundance patterns of H. halys and native stink bugs (Chinavia hilaris and Euschistus servus) across eight different spatial scales. We then quantified the interactive and individual influences of temperature, and measures of resource availability and distance from source populations, and their relevant spatial scales. We used Moran’s Eigenvector Maps based on Gabriel graph framework to quantify spatial relationships among the soybean fields in mid-Atlantic Unites States surveyed for stink bugs. Findings Results from the multi-spatial scale, multivariate analyses showed that temperature and its interaction with resource availability and distance from source populations structures the patterns in H. halys at very broad spatial scale. H. halys abundance decreased with increasing average June temperature and distance from source population. H. halys were not recorded at fields with average June temperature higher than 23.5°C. In parts with suitable climate, high H. halys abundance was positively associated with percentage developed open area and percentage deciduous forests at 250m scale. Broad scale patterns in native stink bugs were positively associated with increasing forest cover and, in contrast to the invasive H. halys, increasing mean July temperature. Our results identify the contrasting role of temperature in structuring regional patterns in H. halys and native stink bugs, while demonstrating its interaction with resource availability and distance from source populations for structuring H. halys patterns. Conclusion These results help predicting the pest potential of H. halys and vulnerability of agricultural systems at various regions, given the climatic conditions, and its interaction with resource availability and distance from source populations. Monitoring and control efforts within parts of the United States and Europe with more suitable climate could focus in areas of peri-urban developments with deciduous forests and other host plants, along with efforts to reduce propagule pressure.