Browsing by Author "Kim, Hyungil"

Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
  • Thumbnail Image
    AR DriveSim: An Immersive Driving Simulator for Augmented Reality Head-Up Display Research
    Gabbard, Joseph L.; Smith, Missie; Tanous, Kyle; Kim, Hyungil; Jonas, Bryan (Frontiers, 2019-10-23)
    Optical see-through automotive head-up displays (HUDs) are a form of augmented reality (AR) that is quickly gaining penetration into the consumer market. Despite increasing adoption, demand, and competition among manufacturers to deliver higher quality HUDs with increased fields of view, little work has been done to understand how best to design and assess AR HUD user interfaces, and how to quantify their effects on driver behavior, performance, and ultimately safety. This paper reports on a novel, low-cost, immersive driving simulator created using a myriad of custom hardware and software technologies specifically to examine basic and applied research questions related to AR HUDs usage when driving. We describe our experiences developing simulator hardware and software and detail a user study that examines driver performance, visual attention, and preferences using two AR navigation interfaces. Results suggest that conformal AR graphics may not be inherently better than other HUD interfaces. We include lessons learned from our simulator development experiences, results of the user study and conclude with limitations and future work.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Augmented Reality Pedestrian Collision Warning: An Ecological Approach to Driver Interface Design and Evaluation
    Kim, Hyungil (Virginia Tech, 2017-10-17)
    Augmented reality (AR) has the potential to fundamentally change the way we interact with information. Direct perception of computer generated graphics atop physical reality can afford hands-free access to contextual information on the fly. However, as users must interact with both digital and physical information simultaneously, yesterday's approaches to interface design may not be sufficient to support the new way of interaction. Furthermore, the impacts of this novel technology on user experience and performance are not yet fully understood. Driving is one of many promising tasks that can benefit from AR, where conformal graphics strategically placed in the real-world can accurately guide drivers' attention to critical environmental elements. The ultimate purpose of this study is to reduce pedestrian accidents through design of driver interfaces that take advantage of AR head-up displays (HUD). For this purpose, this work aimed to (1) identify information requirements for pedestrian collision warning, (2) design AR driver interfaces, and (3) quantify effects of AR interfaces on driver performance and experience. Considering the dynamic nature of human-environment interaction in AR-supported driving, we took an ecological approach for interface design and evaluation, appreciating not only the user but also the environment. The requirement analysis examined environmental constraints imposed on the drivers' behavior, interface design translated those behavior-shaping constraints into perceptual forms of interface elements, and usability evaluations utilized naturalistic driving scenarios and tasks for better ecological validity. A novel AR driver interface for pedestrian collision warning, the virtual shadow, was proposed taking advantage of optical see-through HUDs. A series of usability evaluations in both a driving simulator and on an actual roadway showed that virtual shadow interface outperformed current pedestrian collision warning interfaces in guiding driver attention, increasing situation awareness, and improving task performance. Thus, this work has demonstrated the opportunity of incorporating an ecological approach into user interface design and evaluation for AR driving applications. This research provides both basic and practical contributions in human factors and AR by (1) providing empirical evidence furthering knowledge about driver experience and performance in AR, and, (2) extending traditional usability engineering methods for automotive AR interface design and evaluation.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Effects of Volumetric Augmented Reality Displays on Human Depth Judgments: Implications for Heads-Up Displays in Transportation
    Lisle, Lee; Merenda, Coleman; Tanous, Kyle; Kim, Hyungil; Gabbard, Joseph L.; Bowman, Douglas A. (IGI Global, 2019)
    Many driving scenarios involve correctly perceiving road elements in depth and manually responding as appropriate. Of late, augmented reality (AR) head-up displays (HUDs) have been explored to assist drivers in identifying road elements, by using a myriad of AR interface designs that include world-fixed graphics perceptually placed in the forward driving scene. Volumetric AR HUDs purportedly offer increased accuracy of distance perception through natural presentation of oculomotor cues as compared to traditional HUDs. In this article, the authors quantify participant performance matching virtual objects to real-world counterparts at egocentric distances of 7-12 meters while using both volumetric and fixed-focal plane AR HUDs. The authors found the volumetric HUD to be associated with faster and more accurate depth judgements at far distance, and that participants performed depth judgements more quickly as the experiment progressed. The authors observed no differences between the two displays in terms of reported simulator sickness or eye strain.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Guiding Driver Responses During Manual Takeovers from Automated Vehicles
    Greatbatch, Richard L.; Dunn, Naomi J.; Kim, Hyungil; Krasner, Alexander (Safe-D National UTC, 2023-11)
    The number of automated features in surface vehicles is increasing as new vehicles are released each year. Some features allow drivers to temporarily take their attention off the road to engage in other tasks. However, sometimes it is important for drivers to immediately take control of the vehicle. To take control safely, drivers must understand what is required of them and have the situation awareness (SA) to understand important changes or factors within the environment around them. To achieve this, drivers may be presented with necessary takeover information using a head-up display (HUD), which keeps the driver’s eyes on the road. This study investigated the impact of novel HUDs on driver SA during takeover on highways. Data collection included empirical data for takeover performance metrics, self-reported SA, and participant preferences. To investigate differences between conditions, statistical analyses utilized repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVAs). The results indicated that HUDs can increase aspects of takeover performance on highways, with participants demonstrating lower response times and higher time-to-collision metrics. There was no significant impact of HUDs on driver SA. Results of this work identified potential use cases and design criteria for new designs of novel HUDs to deliver important information during takeover.
  • Thumbnail Image
    An Overview of the 2nd International Workshop on eXtended Reality for Industrial and Occupational Supports (XRIOS)
    Kim, Kangsoo; Marques, Bernardo; Jeong, Heejin; Silva, Samuel; Cho, Isaac; Ferreira, Carlos; Kim, Hyungil; Dias, Paulo; Jeon, Myounghoon; Santos, Beatriz Sousa (IEEE, 2023)
    The 2nd International Workshop on the eXtended Reality for Industrial and Occupational Supports (XRIOS) aims to identify the current state of XR research and the gaps in the scope of human factors and ergonomics, mainly related to industrial and occupational tasks, and discuss potential future research directions. XRIOS was held for the first time at IEEE VR 2022, where it served as the first venue to build an interdisciplinary research community that bridges XR developers/practitioners and human factors and ergonomics researchers interested in industrial and occupational XR applications. XRIOS 2023 follows the success of XRIOS 2022 in response to society's growing needs by expanding the XRIOS community and providing more opportunities.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Real-World Use of Automated Driving Systems and their Safety Consequences: A Naturalistic Driving Data Analysis
    Kim, Hyungil; Song, Miao; Doerzaph, Zachary R. (SAFE-D: Safety Through Disruption National University Transportation Center, 2020-11)
    Automated driving systems (ADS) have the potential to fundamentally change transportation, and a growing number of these systems have entered the market and are currently in use on public roadways. However, drivers may not use ADS as intended due to misunderstandings about system capabilities and limitations. Moreover, the real-world use and effects of this novel technology on transportation safety are largely unknown. To investigate driver interactions with ADS, we examined existing naturalistic driving data collected from 50 participants who drove personally owned vehicles with partial ADS for 12 months. We found that 47 out of 235 safety-critical events (SCEs) involved ADS use. An in-depth analysis of these 47 SCEs revealed that people misused ADS in 57% of SCEs (e.g., engaged in secondary tasks, used the systems not on highways, or with hands off the wheel). During 13% of SCEs, the ADS neither reacted to the situation nor warned the driver. A post-study survey showed that drivers found ADS useful and usable and felt more comfortable engaging in secondary tasks when ADS were in use. This study also captured some scenarios where the ADS did not meet driver expectations. The findings of this report may help inform the development of human-machine interfaces and training programs and provide awareness of the potential for unintended use of ADS and their associated safety consequences.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Takeover Required!  Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays' Ability to Increase Driver Situation Awareness During Takeover Scenarios in  Driving Automation Systems
    Greatbatch, Richard (Virginia Tech, 2023-07-27)
    The number of automated features in surface vehicles are increasing as new vehicles are released each year. Some of these features allow drivers to temporarily take their attention off-road and en-gage in other tasks. However, there are times when it is important for drivers to immediately take control of the vehicle, if required. To safely take control, drivers must understand what is required of them and have situation awareness (SA) to understand important changes or factors within the environment around them. We can present drivers with needed takeover information using a head-up display (HUD), keeping the driver's eyes on the road. However, drivers operating conditionally automated vehicles on various roadways, such as highways and urban arterial roads, require differ-ent information to be conveyed to them as they drive due to inherent differences in roadway and obstacle features within the driving scene, such as the addition of vulnerable road users on urban arterial roads. This work aimed to (1) investigate impacts of novel HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on a highway, (2) identify system design criteria to fulfill driver's needs during takeover on an urban arterial road, and, (3) examine the effects of HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road. We investigated these goals by collecting em-pirical data for takeover performance metrics, self-reported situation awareness, participant prefer-ences, and expert's opinions. From our studies we conclude that HUDs can increase aspects of takeover performance on high-ways, with participants demonstrating lower response times and higher time to collision metrics. We did not find significant impacts of HUDs on driver situation awareness on highways. Results from our semistructed interviews indicated that experts felt systems should communicate the need for driver attention to relevant information, communicate obstacle information, and provide information using a variety of driver senses. HUDs can also increase driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road and support improved takeover performance. This work allowed us to identify potential use cases and design criteria for new designs of novel HUDs to deliver important information during takeover.