VTechWorks Repository :: Browsing by Author "Shoemaker, Donald J."

Browsing by Author "Shoemaker, Donald J."

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Accounts and sexual deviance in cyberspace: the case of pedophilia
Durkin, Keith F. (Virginia Tech, 1996-08-05)
This research is unique because it represents the first sociological study of pedophiles who use the Internet. The data were gathered from a Usenet newsgroup that is frequented by pedophiles. A content analysis was performed on all of the postings from admitted pedophiles (N=41) that appeared on this newsgroup during a one month period. Scott and Lyman’s classic formulation of accounts served as the conceptual framework for this study. The primary research question was: "How do pedophiles who use the Internet account for their deviance?” There were four ancillary objectives to this analysis: (1) to ascertain the degree to which pedophiles who participate in this newsgroup provide validation to, and seek validation from, other users; (2) to investigate the extent to which pedophiles who participate in this forum provide information to, and seek information from, other users; (3) to assess the degree to which pedophiles use this newsgroup to seek correspondence with other pedophiles; and (4) to determine the extent to which users of this newsgroup are members of the pedophile organization NAMBLA (the North American/Man Boy Love Association). Slightly more than one-half of the pedophiles in the sample provided some type of account in defense of pedophilia or adults having sex with children. Thirty-nine percent offered a denial of injury account; 31.7% proffered a condemnation of condemners account; 14.6% provided a BIRGing account; and 4.9% used an appeal to loyalties account. Also, nearly one-fourth of these pedophiles used polythematic accounts. The results of this research also indicate that this computer forum serves a validation function for these pedophiles. Moreover, many of the postings that appeared on this newsgroup contained information that should be of interest to pedophiles. Some of these on-line pedophiles use this newsgroup to establish correspondence with other pedophiles. Although only a few of the pedophiles in this sample indicated a NAMBLA affiliation, these individuals frequently provided accounts which reflect the ideology of that pedophile organization.
Alcohol use among military personnel: an examination of demographic and sociological determinants
Li, Li (Virginia Tech, 1989-04-05)
The objective of this thesis was to examine the demographic characteristics and the drink-related determinants of alcohol use among U.S. military personnel. The data were obtained from The 1985 Worldwide Survey of Alcohol and Nonmedical Drug Use among Military Personnel which included 17,328 active duty military personnel. Analysis of Variance and Pearson r were used to examine the zero-order relationships among all independent and dependent variables in the study. Multiple Regression and Path Analysis were used to reveal the relationships between demographic and drink-related variables in predicting alcohol use. Findings from bivariate analyses explored the zero-order relationships between alcohol use and demographic attributes as well as drink-related determinants. It was found that the following characteristics were more frequently associated with military personnel who used alcohol: male, black, younger, not living with a spouse, in lower military ranks and with lower educational attainment. Furthermore, personnel who were strongly influenced by their drinking peers, considered the positive personal benefits of alcohol use, had favorable attitudes toward alcohol use, and encountered more serious problem situations were found to exhibit higher levels of alcohol use. Findings from multiple regressions and path analyses indicated that personal benefit was the most important determinant in predicting alcohol use. lt was found that the effects of problem situations on alcohol use were largely mediated by personal benefit. Moreover, peer influence not only directly affected alcohol use, but also mediated the effect of age on alcohol use. Surprisingly, it was found that normative definition toward alcohol use was not a good predictor of alcohol use. Both direct and mediating effects of normative definition on alcohol use were weak and negligible. Based on the findings of the study, implications for academic research on alcohol use were also discussed in the thesis.
Analysis of school board policies relating to the Establishment Clause
Perry, Charlie Jeff (Virginia Tech, 1994)
The purpose of this study was to analyze the current school board policies within the Commonwealth of Virginia to determine if they were consistent with the federal judicial system's interpretation of the Establishment Clause. Twenty-four federal district, circuit and Supreme Court cases were analyzed to determine the court's interpretation of the Establishment Clause as it relates to the public schools. Twenty-one criteria were developed from this analysis and the criteria were used to evaluate the school board policies of Virginia school divisions. The criteria were separated into five categories to provide greater clarity and organization. The five categories include general, prayer, Bible reading, release time programs and equal access. Approximately 91 percent of the schools in the Commonwealth responded to this study. Approximately 55 percent of the schools returned policies which governed at least one Establishment Clause issue. Approximately 36 percent of the schools responding to this study declared that they had no policies relating to any issues as defined by this study. The data from this study demonstrated that the majority of school board policies throughout the Commonwealth are not consistent with the judicial system's interpretation of the Establishment Clause. The policies which were returned and evaluated satisfied only 35 percent of the criteria within the general category; 12.83 percent of the criteria within the prayer category; 24.34 percent within the Bible reading category; 16.58 percent within the release time category; and 21.05 percent within the equal access category. Overall the policies which were analyzed satisfied only 22.74 percent of the entire set of criteria. The most successful school division satisfied only 52 percent of the criteria and over 61 percent of the policies failed to satisfy more than 27 percent of the criteria.
Becoming Vegetarian: An Analysis of the Vegetarian Career Using an Integrated Model of Deviance
Boyle, Joseph Edward (Virginia Tech, 2007-04-19)
This dissertation attempts to explore the nature of a particular food consumption pattern using a number of different deviance theories in order to outline the career path of vegetarianism. Using semi-structured interviews with 45 practicing vegetarians from two regions of the United States, the career path of the vegetarians was developed around David Matza's (1969) theory of becoming deviant. Within each stage of Matza's classic work, more specific theories were applied to explain the friction between vegetarianism and the more socially-accepted practice of meat eating within the United States. The framework of the stages includes the affinity for, affiliation with, and signification of vegetarian ideology and practice. Each stage within the theory is also a stage in the development of the vegetarian identity. The more specific theories utilized to explain phenomena within each particular stage attempt to show a progression from initially being interested in the ideals and practice of vegetarianism to becoming and verbalizing as a mature, practicing vegetarian. Finally, the vegetarians interviewed were asked to give the prognosis for the future of vegetarianism.
Building condition and student achievement and behavior
Cash, Carol S. (Virginia Tech, 1993-04-15)
This study examined the relationship between the condition of school facilities and student achievement and student behavior. The entire population of small, rural high schools in Virginia was used in this study. Building condition was determined by the Commonwealth Assessment of Physical Environment which was completed by personnel in the divisions of the forty-seven schools in the population. Student achievement was determined by the scale scores of the Test of Academic Proficiency for grade eleven during the 1991-1992 school year. Student behavior was determined by the ratio of the number of expulsions, suspensions, and violence/substance abuse incidents to the number of students in each school. All achievement scores were adjusted for socioeconomic status by using the free and reduced lunch numbers for each school. These variables were investigated using analysis of covariance, correlations, and regression analysis. This study found the student achievement scores were higher in schools with better building conditions. Student discipline incidents were also higher in schools with better building condition. Science achievement scores were better in buildings with better science laboratory conditions. Cosmetic building condition appeared to impact student achievement and student behavior more than structural building condition. Finally, varying climate control, locker, and graffiti conditions were factors which were positively related to student achievement scale scores.
Case Study of Tekoa Institute: Illustration of Nonviolent Communication Training's Effect on Conflict Resolution
Nash, Andrea Lynn (Virginia Tech, 2007-04-05)
The purpose of this study involved illustrating how Nonviolent Communicationsm (NVC) training affected conflict resolution in a case study of Tekoa Boys Institute, a juvenile residence and school institution. Resolution was defined as "the process of resolving a dispute or a conflict, by providing each side's needs, and adequately addressing their interests so that they are satisfied with the outcome" (Dictonary.LaborLawTalk.com 2006). The following predictions concerning this research are: 1) At the Tekoa Boys Institute, the NVC trained residential staff's involvement in nonviolent resolution will increase more from the pretest to the two year posttest than the no-NVC trained residential staff. 2) At the Tekoa Boys Institute, the NVC trained residential staff's involvement in violent resolution will decrease more from the pretest to the two year posttest than the no-NVC trained residential staff. 3) At the Tekoa Boys Institute, the NVC trained residential staff's involvement in instigating conflicts will decrease more in the two year posttest when compared to pretest than those residential staff not trained in NVC. Results were found confirming the first two predictions in this sample with a statistical significance at the .05 level. As for the third prediction, no to little effect was found in this sample.
Change in Family Structure and Rates of Violent Juvenile Delinquency
Fry, Jeannie A. (Virginia Tech, 2010-05-17)
This paper addresses the question: Have the changes in family structure in the U.S. become a catalyst for juvenile delinquency? For this research, I use existing statistics for my three independent variables: divorce rates, rate of working mothers with children under age 18, percent female-headed households. My dependent variable, juvenile violent crime rates, is measured using data from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. My control variables consist of the following: percent of population aged 15-25, unemployment rate, incarceration rates, drug rates, rates of gun ownership, police employment, percent of those with weekly religious service attendance, percent of persons who have a "great deal" of confidence in the Executive branch of the United States, and percent of people who can trust others. I examine Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory (1990) as a possible theoretical explanation of the correlation between changes in family structure and juvenile delinquency. Previous research has shown with less supervision, monitoring and punishing the child, low self-control results leading to delinquency. My population includes all individuals in these statistics. I use a time series analysis, spanning from 1980 to 2006, to show the changes in rates over time and the correlations between family variables and juvenile delinquency.
Community structure and criminal victimization
Anzick, Michael A. (Virginia Tech, 1989-06-04)
This research has attempted to better understand property crime victimization by studying the important role of community structures, while controlling for the following demographic variables: age, gender, race, and income. Three different types of analyses were used: (1) bivariate analysis; (2) multivariate analysis, and (3) path analysis. Bivariate analysis was used in order to gain a better understanding of the following zero-order relationships: (1) the relationship between the structural characteristics of communities and property crime victimization; (2) the relationship between the structural variables and the mediating variables--guardianship and neighborhood cohesion; (3) the relationship between guardianship and property crime, and (4) the relationship between neighborhood cohesion and property crime. Most of these relationships were found to be in the expected direction. The multivariate analysis was conducted by running three separate regression models. Model 1 included only the structural variables of community size, racial heterogeneity, and residential mobility. In Model 2, demographic variables were added in order to see how this addition would impact the effects of the structural variables on property crime victimization. Model 3 included both the structural and the demographic variables, along with guardianship and neighborhood cohesion. This additional regression model was used in an attempt to discover the effects of guardianship and neighborhood cohesion on property crime victimization. Path analysis was used in order to find out the direct and indirect effects of the structural and demographic variables on property crime victimization. Many of the findings of this research were not consistent with past research. There appears to be other important factors which were not included. For example, guardianship and neighborhood cohesion did not mediate the effects of the structural and demographic variables. The thesis concludes with alternative explanations for these and other inconsistent findings.
Cooperative purchasing practices and procedures in the public school divisions of Virginia and their relationship to the Virginia Public Procurement Act
Cowden, Robert Allan (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987)
The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of cooperative purchasing in the public schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia with attention to any effects brought about by enactment of the Virginia Public Procurement Act. Questionnaires were sent to each division superintendent of public schools in Virginia with follow up done on those public school divisions who have or are utilizing cooperative purchasing. The majority (63 percent) of public school divisions in the Commonwealth of Virginia do not utilize cooperative purchasing. Public school divisions utilizing cooperative purchasing are almost universally involved with their local governmental body rather than other school divisions. Saving money is the rationale given for utilizing cooperative purchasing and it is the factor most often named as the major success attained in such an agreement. The bidding requirements and attendant need for specifications enumerated in the Virginia Public Procurement Act resulted in a minority of school divisions electing to employ cooperative purchasing and utilize the State Department of Purchasing and Supply as two means of ensuring compliance with the law. Enactment of the Virginia Public Procurement Act has had a marginal effect on procurement practices by public school divisions in Virginia. Public school superintendents reported that a concern about a potential loss in autonomy was the major reason for not purchasing cooperatively. This was consistent with other studies done on this topic. School divisions most likely to utilize cooperative purchasing are characterized by large enrollments and budgets, the employment of professional full-time purchasing agents, and a superintendent who has had prior experience with cooperative purchasing agreements as well as perceiving enactment of the Virginia Public Procurement Act as a concern. School divisions are utilizing cooperative purchasing despite the absence of the above characteristics cited in the literature as standard requirements.
CTRnet Final Report
Fox, Edward A.; Shoemaker, Donald J.; Sheetz, Steven D.; Kavanaugh, Andrea L.; Ramakrishnan, Naren (2013-08-26)
The CTRnet project team has been developing a digital library including many webpage archives and tweet archives related to disasters, in collaboration with the Internet Archive. The goals of the CTRnet project are to provide such archived data sets for analysis, including by researchers who are seeking deep insights about those events, and to support a range of services and infrastructure regarding those tragic events for the various stakeholders and the general public, allowing them to study and learn.
CTRnet: Project Proposal to NSF
Fox, Edward A.; Shoemaker, Donald J.; Kavanaugh, Andrea L.; Ramakrishnan, Naren (2009)
Crises and tragedies are, regrettably, part of life; a recent sample, showing the small number of collections preserved at the Internet Archive, is shown in Table 1. While always difficult, recovery from tragic events may be increasingly facilitated and supported by information and communication technology (IC1). Individuals, groups, and communities are using ICT in innovative ways to learn from these events and recover more quickly and more effectively. During and after a crisis, individuals and communities face a confusing plethora of data and information, and strive to make sense by way of that data [114]. They seek to carry out their usual activities, but want to be informed by new insights. They work to help others, or to receive help, but the context and technologies involved in communication today (e.g., Internet, WWW, online communities, mobile devices) make it exceedingly difficult to integrate content, community, and services. Accordingly, individuals and communities respond by attempting to meet their needs with the tools they have, e.g., creating a Facebook group to quickly inform members who is OK, and other groups to share pictures, comments, and additional contributions.
A demographic analysis of parents in Virginia who choose home instruction to educate their children
Jones-White, Barbara (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987)
The purpose of this study was to analyze the demographic characteristics and validate reasons why parents in Virginia choose home schooling to educate their children. Approximately 300 approved parents in Virginia are currently providing home schooling for their children. A questionnaire and interview schedule was developed to provide information on the characteristics and reasons associated with this form of alternative educational program being provided by parents. This descriptive study addresses the population of parents in Virginia who educate their children at home. A questionnaire was sent to 100 randomly selected group of parents who are approved by the state to teach their children at home. Additionally, an interview was conducted with 10 randomly selected parents from this total population who received the questionnaire. The data in the study consisted of responses by 74 parents. Data was tabulated and reported using descriptive and inferential status. all computations were done on an IBM computer using the statistical package for the social services (SPSSX). The following are the conclusions made as a result of the findings: As participants in home schooling, parents believe that public/private schools are a threat to their children's moral character. Also, that home schooling provides a better learning environment since parents are able to give more time (individual attention) and love to their children while learning. Major reasons for home schooling are lack of good moral and character development public poor quality of public school education and desire to extend parent-child contact. General characteristics of parents revealed by the responses indicate parents are small family structured averaging two children, upper incomes, providing a more child-centered program.
Dimensions of commitment: an examination of worker-organization linkages in a large bureaucracy
Lewis, Reba Rowe (Virginia Tech, 1992-08-05)
This study is an assessment of the relative importance of sociodemographic, structural, and attitudinal variables in accounting for organizational commitment. A block-recursive model is used to conceptualize the relationship between the independent variables and organizational commitment. The sample for the study is drawn from payroll rosters of employees of a large state university and comprises two subsamples: classified staff (permanent) employees and non-student hourly wage (temporary) employees. Sociodemographic characteristics, structural conditions of their employment, and their underlying attitudes toward work in general and toward their employer are measured through the use of an anonymous questionnaire. Data were collected from 416 employees. The study finds no significant differences in the two subsamples regarding degrees of various dimensions of commitment or in determinants of organizational commitment. It is hypothesized that the absence of any major differences between the two groups may be explained by the currently unstable employment conditions for all workers regardless of their employment status. Research findings indicate that, while all three blocks of variables are Statistically significant predictors of organizational commitment, the attitudinal block accounts for most of the variance in organizational commitment. This is especially true for hourly wage workers, for whom only attitudinal variables explain much of the variance in organizational commitment. Managers wishing to maximize organizational commitment among employees are advised to consider the tremendous impact of attitudinal factors on employee commitment. This research demonstrates that in the coming decades, researchers must develop and utilize research methodologies that take into account the broad range of worker-organization relationships. The task of contemporary sociologists of work involves the clarification of work-related concepts, the development of more precise measures of those concepts, and a research methodology that accommodates a broad range of worker-organization linkages.
Effects of Length of Time in Treatment and Criminal Classification Level on Recidivism Following Residential Treatment Programs for Drug Offenders
Ward, Elizabeth Anne (Virginia Tech, 2008-04-25)
One aim of residential drug treatment programs for drug offenders released from prison is to reduce recidivism rates for these offenders. However, research on this topic has shown mixed results on the effectiveness of such programs, and all of the factors that influence whether an individual will recidivate are still unclear. This study explored the relationship between criminal classification levels of drug offenders and the length of time spent in residential treatment and the effects that this relationship had on drug offenders' odds of recidivism. Data from case history records of drug-involved offenders in Florida from 1991 to 1997 were analyzed to determine whether the length of time in treatment reduced these offenders' odds of recidivism, whether offenders convicted of a felony 1 level offense were more or less likely to recidivate compared to those convicted of a felony 2 or 3 level offense, and whether there was an interaction effect of length of time in treatment and criminal classification level on offenders' odds of recidivism. Binary logistic regression analysis shows that the more time a drug offender spends in residential treatment, the higher the offender's odds of recidivism; drug offenders convicted of a felony 1 level offense were less likely to recidivate than offenders convicted of a felony 2 or 3 level offense; and that there was no interaction effect of length of time spent in treatment and criminal classification level on drug offenders' odds of recidivism.
The effects of school attendance zone changes on high school students' attitude toward school, academic achievement, attendance, and participation in extracurricular activities
Tonelson, Louis Owen (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1984)
This study investigates the effect on high school students' attitude toward school, on their academic achievement, on their attendance, and on their participation in extracurricular activities when they have been forced to transfer schools because of changes in school attendance zones. Four hundred four randomly selected high school students from four groups were surveyed in four of Virginia Beach's seven high schools. These four groups were divided as follows: Group I Students who were forced to transfer schools Group II Students who elected to choose junior/senior option in order to remain in their 1982-83 schools Group III Students who were not affected by the attendance zone changes and remained in their 1982-83 schools Group IV Students who transferred into Virginia Beach City Schools from outside the city To determine the effect on attitude, the students were administered an Attitude Toward School Survey. An analysis of variance between the mean scores of the four groups was utilized to determine significant differences among the groups. An Extracurricular Activities Participation Questionnaire was administered to students and an attendance and grade point average worksheet was completed by school personnel to measure the other effects. The results from these instruments were analyzed by the analysis of covariance procedure in order to determine significant differences. In those instances where significant differences were found, the means of the groups were further analyzed by a multiple range test. Results indicated that no significant differences in student academic achievement, attendance, or participation in extracurricular activities were found among the four groups. There were significant differences, however, in attitude toward school among the various groups. The differences in this area resulted in those groups of students who were forced to transfer schools, either from within or from outside of Virginia Beach, having a less positive attitude toward school than those groups of students who chose the junior/senior option plan or who were not affected by the attendance zone changes.
An Evaluation of a Jail-based Public Inebriate Intervention and Treatment Program
McDonald, Danielle Yvonne (Virginia Tech, 2001-05-24)
The effectiveness of the Jail-Based Public Inebriate Treatment and Intervention Program, in the city of Roanoke, VA, is evaluated. This program targets those who have violated their interdiction status, ordered by the Circuit Court, to not consume, possess or purchase beverages containing alcohol. A voluntary treatment program has been set up to treat those interdicted housed within the jail. This treatment program hopes to rehabilitate the offender, decrease the number of arrests within the City of Roanoke and improve the attractiveness of the downtown area. The typical participant in this program is a 51-year-old homeless male who has been drinking for approximately 33 years. Methods of evaluation include the analysis of arrest data collected from January 1996 to June of 2000, as well as interviews conducted in local day shelters, within the jail, with a court community corrections representative, in the court house, at the Blue Ridge Community Treatment Center and with a representative of the downtown business community. The goals of the program are evaluated for their effectiveness. Some goals are found to be more effective than others and Richard Hall’ s Contradiction Model is used to explain this variation.
An Examination of Race and Recurrent Substance Problems in the United States
Bell, Tannisha D. (Virginia Tech, 2000-04-17)
Several studies show that African-Americans are less likely than whites to use alcohol or drugs. However, if African-Americans use drugs then they are more likely to become heavy and persistent users. African-Americans are also more likely to have a current substance abuse disorder. There is not much in the literature to explain this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to examine the alcohol and drug abuse, use and dependence of blacks and whites in order to explain the differences in the course of the substance disorder, using data from the National Comorbidity Survey. There are many variables thought to contribute to the racial difference, such as socio-economic status (measured by income and education), religion, insurance, employment status, and marital status. The data in this literature indicate that the aforementioned variables do not explain the racial difference in substance disorders. However, after performing interaction analyses, it is clear that the effects of treatment are different for blacks and whites. Treatment is more effective for whites, and it may even cause the substance disorder to become worse for blacks. Several studies indicate that this may be the result of cultural differences between the treatment staff and the clients.
Framing Crime: An Analysis of News Media Twitter Data
Callahan, Jason T. (Virginia Tech, 2020-04-24)
With the increased social attention to active shooting events in the United States, news outlets are featuring news briefs through social media platforms like Twitter. Using this method of information sharing, news organizations can instantly reach consumers as events unfold in real time. With character limitations with Twitter, one may assume news organizations use words carefully and succinctly to report vital information to the public. By implementing a content analysis of news organization Twitter contributions, messages provided by both legacy and digital native news outlets were evaluated. Using Department of Justice reports specifically covering active shooting events, 32 specific incidents covering the years of 2014-2018 were selected for analysis. This resulted in the identification of over 14,000 individual Tweets. These Tweets were then analyzed using a content analysis to identify overarching themes. Apparent from the onset was the clear priority of news organizations to report on the perpetrators of active shooting events while focusing noticeably less on the victims of these violent events. Further, policy advocation or calls to change current policy was noticeably absent from Twitter discussions. The focus of this paper is to explore the characteristics of emphasized by legacy and digital native news media outlets. This analysis has direct implications on the culture of gun violence, as well as market models which influence the news production process when reporting on active shooting incidents in the United States.
From mace to restricted movement: feminist social control theory and college women's fear of rape
Jones, Kathleen A. (Virginia Tech, 1995-05-11)
This research utilizes feminist social control theory to explore college women's fear of crime, specifically rape. Elements within this analysis include: comparisons of males and females on their relative fear of crime in both stranger and acquaintance situations, an assessment of behavioral/social self-restrictions, and an examination of the relative impact of previous victimization on women's fear. Data are derived from a self-administered questionnaire from a non-probability sample of 217 male and female Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University undergraduates in the fall of 1994. Consistent with the hypothesis, women report significantly higher rates of fear in both acquaintance and stranger situations, and also report employing significantly more crime preventative measures than men. However, regression analyses reveal that while gender, acquaintance and stranger fear all have a statistically significant impact on precautionary use, neither fear of rape, nor previous rape victimization are significant. Policy implications and areas for future research are explored.
The Functions of White Nationalism Online: A Content Analysis of White Nationalist Thematic Discourse Surrounding the Eve Carson Homicide
Hunter, Stephanie Michelle (Virginia Tech, 2009-05-06)
Extant literature on White Nationalism illustrate the myriad of social issues members of this racialist extremist group presently recognize as threatening the continuation of the white race and the preservation of white heritage (Swain 2002). One of these threats includes the high incidences of black-on-white violent crime within the United States. The March 2008 murder of UNC student body president Eve Carson, a 22 year-old white woman, by two young black males elicited heated discussion among White Nationalists. This paper analyzes, via content analysis, the thematic discourse surrounding Carson's homicide among White Nationalists on two popular White Nationalist websites. Functionalist theory guides this investigation in the attempt to illustrate how White Nationalists use scientific theories of criminality and government crime statistics as tools for justifying their racist beliefs. Also, this study intended to answer whether or not Carson's murder prompted an increase in online membership on the two websites used for the analysis. Moreover, this study sought to unearth thematic discourse which involved attacking whites who do not subscribe to White Nationalism; Eve Carson as either a sacred or profane symbol of whiteness; criticism of government policies, media, and the criminal justice system; evoking fear within the White Nationalist community; and calls for white solidarity and action. This analysis suggests that White Nationalists primarily used Carson's death as an opportunity to attack whites who do not subscribe to White Nationalist beliefs.

Browsing by Author "Shoemaker, Donald J."

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