Browsing by Author "Taylor, Sally V."
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- 2020 Virginia Peanut Production GuideBalota, Maria; Jordan, David; Mehl, Hllary; Shortridge, Julie; Taylor, Sally V. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2020)Provides information on peanut varieties, including which kinds to choose for disease and insect resistance. Also discusses weed control, insect control, disease control, irrigation, fertilizers and equipment.
- 2021 Field Crops PMGBalota, Maria; Besancon, Thierry E.; Cahoon, Charles W.; Chandra, Rakesh; Currin, John F.; Day, Eric R.; Flessner, Michael; Frame, William Hunter, 1985-; Frank, Daniel; Hines, Tommy; Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Johnson, Charles S.; Johnson, Quintin; Jordan, David; Koehler, Alyssa; Langston, David B.; Lamb, Curt; Lingenfelter, Dwight; McCoy, Tim; Singh, Vijay; Taylor, Sally V.; VanGessel, Mark; Vollmer, Kurt; Wallace, John M.; Wilson, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry. Commercial products are named in this publication for informational purposes only. Virginia Cooperative Extension does not endorse these products and does not intend discrimination against other products that also may be suitable.
- 2021 Field Crops PMG - Insect ControlTaylor, Sally V.; Laub, Curtis A. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)This is a chapter of the 2021 Field Crops PMG. The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry. Commercial products are named in this publication for informational purposes only. Virginia Cooperative Extension does not endorse these products and does not intend discrimination against other products that also may be suitable.
- 2021 Home Grounds and Animals PMG - IndexBalota, Maria; Besancon, Thierry E.; Cahoon, Charles W.; Chandran, Rakesh; Currin, John F.; Day, Eric R.; Flessner, Michael; Frame, William Hunter; Frank, Daniel; Hines, Tommy; Herbert, Ames Jr.; Johnson, Charles S.; Johnson, Quintin; Jordan, David; Koehler, Alyssa; Langston, David B.; Laub, Curt; Lingenfelter, Dwight; McCoy, Tim; Singh, Vijay; Taylor, Sally V.; VanGessel, Mark; Vollmer, Kurt; Wallace, John M.; Wilson, James (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-12)This is a chapter of the 2021 Field Crops PMG. The Virginia Pest Management Guide (PMG) series lists options for management of major pests: diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds. These guides are produced by Virginia Cooperative Extension and each guide is revised annually. PMG recommendations are based on research conducted by the Research and Extension Division of Virginia Tech, in cooperation with other land-grant universities, the USDA, and the pest management industry. Commercial products are named in this publication for informational purposes only. Virginia Cooperative Extension does not endorse these products and does not intend discrimination against other products that also may be suitable.
- 2021 Virginia Peanut Production GuideBalota, Maria; Jordan, David; Langston, David B.; Shortridge, Julie; Taylor, Sally V. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2021-02-09)This publication included a guide for peanut growers including agronomic, insect, disease management along with weed control, and irrigation and safety information. Archived Peanut Production Guides can be accessed from: http://www.sites.ext.vt.edu/newsletter-archive/peanut-production/index.html
- Aphids in Virginia Small Grains: Life Cycles, Damage and ControlMalone, Sean M.; Taylor, Sally V.; Day, Eric R. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-03-20)Describes life cycle of four species of aphid and damage on small grain crops in Virginia. Discusses prediction of aphid population outbreaks and methods of sampling plants for aphids. Also discusses aphid predators and parasites.
- Biology and integrated pest management of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), in Southeastern cottonDorman, Seth Joseph (Virginia Tech, 2020-05-11)The tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), has been a devastating insect pest in cotton agroecosystems in mid-southern cotton for several decades. Similar to related Heteropteran insect pests, L. lineolaris uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to penetrate harvestable fruiting structures on the cotton plant (i.e., squares, flowers, small bolls) leading to significant reductions in lint yield when infestations are above economic injury levels. Economically damaging infestations of L. lineolaris have occurred in Virginia and North Carolina cotton since 2013. In response, cotton area sprayed with broad-spectrum insecticides for L. lineolaris has increased in these states. As such, this dissertation research sought to answer a variety of questions to address this issue including 1) mapping the spatiotemporal abundance of L. lineolaris across Virginia as well as creating models to predict landscape and climate factors increasing infestation risk, 2) using a systems approach to provide growers with cost-effective and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) solutions including economic spray thresholds, 3) investigating the incidence and transmission of fungal pathogens by L. lineolaris increasing Fusarium hardlock disease, further impacting yield loss at harvest, and 4) conducting insecticide resistance monitoring of L. lineolaris across the Southeast including biochemical lab assays to determine possible mechanisms of insecticide resistance. These findings will help form compressive IPM and insect resistant management (IRM) plans to equip southeastern cotton growers with practical management tools as well as useful information on "high-risk" areas to invest management resources, increasing economic returns while minimizing environmental impacts of over-spraying foliar insecticides.
- Brown Stink Bug in Field CornBryant, Timothy Basil; Taylor, Sally V. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-02-20)Describes the brown stink bug, and discusses its damage to field corn plants, and cultural, biological and chemical methods of controlling this pest insect.
- Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea, A Pest of Hemp, Cannabis sativa, in VirginiaBritt, Kadie; Taylor, Sally V.; Kuhar, Thomas P. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2019-09-05)Discusses impact of corn earworm caterpillars upon different varieties of hemp plants.
- Developing an integrated pest management program for edamame in VirginiaSutton, Kemper Lewis (Virginia Tech, 2023-01-23)Edamame (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), also known as vegetable soybean, is primarily grown and consumed in Asia. In recent years, the demand for edamame in the United States has risen due to its health benefits as an alternative, plant-based protein. Due to the lack of domestic production, most edamame is imported from Asia. In an attempt to increase domestic production, research efforts have begun in Virginia and other regions to develop cultivars and best management practices for growing edamame in the mid-Atlantic region. Beginning in 2018, edamame trials examining breeding lines and cultivars were conducted to look at their suitability for this region. These varieties were sampled and evaluated for insect and disease complexes as well as their implications on plant yield and quality. Most of the insects and diseases that were found were very similar to pest complexes commonly found in cultivated soybeans in Virginia. However, due to edamame being marketed as a vegetable, insects and diseases that caused unsightly blemishes or damage to the pods or seeds were most concerning. Multiple insects and diseases were present but some of the most important insects and diseases we observed from 2018-2020 were pod feeding stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), as well as the diseases like purple seed stain, Cercospora kikuchii, and bacterial pustule, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines. From 2019-2021 an integrated pest management study was conducted to determine best management practices for minimizing insecticide applications while applying them at thresholds to control key pests. In three growing seasons, I was able to determine that pesticides can be limited prior to flowering while insecticide inputs will need to be increased after flowering to protect the pods from pests, specifically stink bugs. Additionally, from 2019-2021 insecticide and fungicide field trials were conducted to test different pesticides on their efficacy against pod damaging pests and diseases. The growing seasons between 2019 and 2021 resulted in varying insect and disease pressure that led to inconsistent results. However, insecticides such as cyclaniliprole and sulfoxaflor performed well compared to other treatments. Lastly in 2020-2021, corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea [Boddie], Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an important soybean pest and most likely a major pest of edamame, was tested for pyrethroid susceptibility and resistance across the state using a bean-dip bioassay. Pyrethroid efficacy to control this pest across Virginia seemed to vary by location and year, however, the bean-dip bioassay proved to be a time-efficient strategy for further monitoring these populations in the coming years.
- Documenting Population Fluctuations of Vine Mealybug in Chardonnay Vines Influenced by Environmental Conditions, Insecticide Programs, Vine Phenology, and WeedsTrujillo, Maritza; Pfeiffer, Douglas G.; Del-Pozo, Alejandro; Taylor, Sally V. (Virginia Tech, 2023-03-03)Vine mealybugs (VMB) are a key pest to coastal vineyards in California. They can cause major issues to host plants during all their life stages due to their mouthparts and reproduction. Chardonnay, a highly VMB-susceptible variety at Delicato Family Wines, was chosen for this study to document fluctuations of this pest. Selected commercial blocks had different soil textures, vine phenology, weed types, VMB previous infestation history, topography, mechanical and chemical practices. Block 218A had moderate population levels, with sooty mold. Block 41B had high mealybug populations with some sooty mold but not as much as 218A (it is also a younger block than 218A). Block 96A, the youngest block, had no VMB presence from May-early August 2022 but had one highly infested vine during the last few weeks of August. Pheromone traps were also placed in these blocks to monitor males. When counting numbers in all traps, the trap closest to the highly infested vine in 96A had the most captured males throughout this study. After documenting all findings, it seemed like mealybugs prefer cooler shaded areas especially when temperatures are warm. In conclusion, management of weeds, sanitizing equipment after going into a field, and proper insecticide timing with the use of growing degree days, will assist in having better management of VMB. These practices can reduce the chances of sudden population growth, and continuous reproduction that may lead to sooty mold and possible vectored diseases such as leaf curl and red blotch.
- Ecology of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentitomidae): Oviposition on Different Trees, Nymphal Development on Various Vegetable Hosts, and Assessment of a Bacterial PathogenFormella, Adam John (Virginia Tech, 2019-01-07)The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is an invasive species that has spread throughout the United States and become a serious agricultural pest. Studies were conducted in Virginia on the survival of H. halys nymphs on different vegetable hosts and on the oviposition preference of H. halys on common tree hosts in southwestern Virginia. To determine the effects of vegetable host on H. halys survival, nymphs were placed on one of five vegetable host plants and their corresponding vegetable fruit. Survival was highest on sweet corn, followed by bell pepper and snap bean. Eggplant and tomato were poor compared to other vegetable hosts tested, potentially due to secondary compounds released by the plant to reduce feeding. Of six common host trees sampled, H. halys laid the most egg masses on catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides, while aggregation lure had no effect on the number of eggs laid. Across host trees, egg masses were more commonly found in trees with fruiting structures present. An additional study was conducted on a red-sternum phenotype of H. halys. Mortality was recorded by sternum phenotype for each sex. There was no difference in survival between groups at two time points. Biochemical tests were used to determine if the red-sternum was associated with the potentially pathogenic red bacteria Serratia marcescens. Only one stink bug's gut contents had a confirmed infection of S. marcescens. Results from these studies offer insight into H. halys development on vegetable hosts and oviposition preferences on different host trees.
- Effects of Farm Management Practices on Pest Slugs and Slug Predators in Field CropsBrichler, Kirsten Nicole (Virginia Tech, 2020-05-18)Mid-Atlantic crop producers are increasingly transitioning to soil conservation methods that include reducing or eliminating tillage and planting high residue cover crops. These practices are associated with an increase in moderate to severe damage to field crops by slugs. Conserving, and even enhancing, natural enemy populations is a desirable way to manage slug infestations because remedial control measures are limited. To better understand how cover crop usage and tillage practices affect slug and natural enemy populations, 43 Virginia fields with different combinations of tillage practices and cover crop use were intensively sampled in 2018 and 2019. Fields were sampled over a six-week period during the early planting season when slugs are most problematic. Shingle traps and pitfall traps were used to sample slugs and natural enemies, respectively. To determine how multiple farming practices, soil composition, landscape features, and field history affect slug feeding injury to seedling plants, over 1,000 hectares of commercial production fields in the Shenandoah Region of Virginia were scouted for slug feeding injury to seedling plants. Corresponding crop producers were then surveyed on management methods. Our goal was to determine if slug feeding risk could be predicted by a single factor and or a combination of factors. Behavioral assays were performed with a common slug pest, Deroceras laeve, to determine if this species prefers feeding on maize, soybean, daikon radish, crimson clover, rye, or hairy vetch leaf tissue. Our sampling study found that cover crop use and conservation tillage type did not affect slug presence and damage, but that these factors affected various slug predators in different ways. We also observed that fields with more Phalangiidae and total predators overall had fewer slugs. Average slug feeding injury in both years was low and no factor or interaction of factors in our broader survey affected slug feeding injury ratings in fields. Behavioral assays indicated that slugs fed more on soybean tissue compared with maize, slugs consumed less maize when it was offered with hairy vetch or crimson clover, and slugs consumed less soybean when it was offered with hairy vetch or daikon radish.
- Effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on insecticide use, heliothine counts, plant damage, and cotton yield: A meta-analysis, 1996-2015Fleming, Daniel; Musser, Fred; Reisig, Dominic; Greene, Jeremy K.; Taylor, Sally V.; Parajulee, Megha; Lorenz, Gus; Catchot, Angus; Gore, Jeffrey; Kerns, David; Stewart, Scott; Boykin, Deborah; Caprio, Michael; Little, Nathan (PLOS, 2018-07-19)The primary management tactic for lepidopteran pests of cotton in the United States of America (USA) is the use of transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins. The primary target pests of this technology are Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (F.) in the eastern and central Cotton Belt of the USA. Concerns over the evolution of resistance in H. zea to Bt toxins and scrutiny of the necessity of Btcrops has escalated. We reviewed published and unpublished data from field trials of Btcotton in the eastern and central Cotton Belt of the USA through 2015 to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt cotton (Bollgard, Bollgard II, WideStrike, WideStrike 3, and TwinLink). Btcotton reduced insecticide usage, reduced heliothine pest numbers and damage, and provided a yield benefit, but Bollgard II and WideStrike efficacy declined in the Midsouth over the period evaluated. In the Southeastern region, heliothine damage remained constant through 2015, but yield benefits declined from 2010 until 2015. Resistance of H. zea to several Bttoxins is the most plausible explanation for the observed changes in Btcotton efficacy. The introduction of new Bttoxins such as found in Widestrike 3 and Twinlink may preserve the benefits of Bt crops. However, while both Widestrike 3 and Twinlink had less damage than Widestrike, damage levels of both were similar to Bollgard II.
- Evaluating invasion risk and population dynamics of the brown marmorated stink bug across the contiguous United StatesIllán, Javier Gutierrez; Zhu, Gengping; Walgenbach, James F.; Acebes-Doria, Angel; Agnello, Arthur M.; Alston, Diane G.; Andrews, Heather; Beers, Elisabeth H.; Bergh, J. Christopher; Bessin, Ricardo T.; Blaauw, Brett R.; Buntin, G. David; Burkness, Erik C.; Cullum, John P.; Daane, Kent M.; Fann, Lauren E.; Fisher, Joanna; Girod, Pierre; Gut, Larry J.; Hamilton, George C.; Hepler, James R.; Hilton, Richard; Hoelmer, Kim A.; Hutchison, William D.; Jentsch, Peter J.; Joseph, Shimat V.; Kennedy, George G.; Krawczyk, Grzegorz; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Lee, Jana C.; Leskey, Tracy C.; Marshal, Adrian T.; Milnes, Joshua M.; Nielsen, Anne L.; Patel, Dilani K.; Peterson, Hillary D.; Reisig, Dominic D.; Rijal, Jhalendra P.; Sial, Ashfaq A.; Spears, Lori R.; Stahl, Judith M.; Tatman, Kathy M.; Taylor, Sally V.; Tillman, Glynn; Toews, Michael D.; Villanueva, Raul T.; Welty, Celeste; Wiman, Nik G.; Wilson, Julianna K.; Zalom, Frank G.; Crowder, David W. (Wiley, 2022-11-01)BACKGROUND: Invasive species threaten the productivity and stability of natural and managed ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invaders, which can aid in early mitigation efforts, is a major challenge, especially in the face of climate change. While ecological niche models are effective tools to assess habitat suitability for invaders, such models have rarely been created for invasive pest species with rapidly expanding ranges. Here, we leveraged a national monitoring effort from 543 sites over 3 years to assess factors mediating the occurrence and abundance of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB, Halyomorpha halys), an invasive insect pest that has readily established throughout much of the United States. RESULTS: We used maximum entropy models to estimate the suitable habitat of BMSB under several climate scenarios, and generalized boosted models to assess environmental factors that regulated BMSB abundance. Our models captured BMSB distribution and abundance with high accuracy, and predicted a 70% increase in suitable habitat under future climate scenarios. However, environmental factors that mediated the geographical distribution of BMSB were different from those driving abundance. While BMSB occurrence was most affected by winter precipitation and proximity to populated areas, BMSB abundance was influenced most strongly by evapotranspiration and solar photoperiod. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that linking models of establishment (occurrence) and population dynamics (abundance) offers a more effective way to forecast the spread and impact of BMSB and other invasive species than simply occurrence-based models, allowing for targeted mitigation efforts. Implications of distribution shifts under climate change are discussed. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
- Exploring Chemical Management of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper in Mid-Atlantic US SoybeanPittman, Elizabeth (Virginia Tech, 2022-12-19)Threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) (Hemiptera: Membracidae), is a ubiquitous pest of soybean that causes yield loss in certain scenarios. Plant lodging, and significant stand loss, from this insect has occurred in Virginia’s piedmont since at least 2017. There is a need to determine if chemical control (e.g., foliar and or seed applied insecticides) can be used to minimize plant injury and preserve yield. We hypothesized that control with insecticides will vary depending on infestation timing, which is not known, and foliar insecticides will provide the best control when applied at or near the time pests arrive. In 2021, we evaluated spray timings based on plant development and estimated infestation timings using yellow sticky traps and timed visual observations. We identified two population peaks potentially related to herbicide applications and small grain harvest. No insecticide application yielded higher than unsprayed plots and there was high variability within treatments.
- Extended Sentinel Monitoring of Helicoverpa zea Resistance to Cry and Vip3Aa Toxins in Bt Sweet Corn: Assessing Changes in Phenotypic and Allele Frequencies of ResistanceDively, Galen P.; Kuhar, Tom P.; Taylor, Sally V.; Doughty, Helene; Holmstrom, Kristian; Gilrein, Daniel O.; Nault, Brian A.; Ingerson-Mahar, Joseph; Huseth, Anders; Reisig, Dominic; Fleischer, Shelby; Owens, David; Tilmon, Kelley; Reay-Jones, Francis; Porter, Pat; Smith, Jocelyn; Saguez, Julien; Wells, Jason; Congdon, Caitlin; Byker, Holly; Jensen, Bryan; DiFonzo, Chris; Hutchison, William D.; Burkness, Eric; Wright, Robert; Crossley, Michael; Darby, Heather; Bilbo, Tom; Seiter, Nicholas; Krupke, Christian; Abel, Craig; Coates, Brad S.; McManus, Bradley; Fuller, Billy; Bradshaw, Jeffrey; Peterson, Julie A.; Buntin, David; Paula-Moraes, Silvana; Kesheimer, Katelyn; Crow, Whitney; Gore, Jeffrey; Huang, Fangneng; Ludwick, Dalton C.; Raudenbush, Amy; Jimenez, Sebastian; Carrière, Yves; Elkner, Timothy; Hamby, Kelly (MDPI, 2023-06-25)Transgenic corn and cotton that produce Cry and Vip3Aa toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely planted in the United States to control lepidopteran pests. The sustainability of these Bt crops is threatened because the corn earworm/bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is evolving a resistance to these toxins. Using Bt sweet corn as a sentinel plant to monitor the evolution of resistance, collaborators established 146 trials in twenty-five states and five Canadian provinces during 2020–2022. The study evaluated overall changes in the phenotypic frequency of resistance (the ratio of larval densities in Bt ears relative to densities in non-Bt ears) in H. zea populations and the range of resistance allele frequencies for Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa. The results revealed a widespread resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry2Ab2, and Cry1A.105 Cry toxins, with higher numbers of larvae surviving in Bt ears than in non-Bt ears at many trial locations. Depending on assumptions about the inheritance of resistance, allele frequencies for Cry1Ab ranged from 0.465 (dominant resistance) to 0.995 (recessive resistance). Although Vip3Aa provided high control efficacy against H. zea, the results show a notable increase in ear damage and a number of surviving older larvae, particularly at southern locations. Assuming recessive resistance, the estimated resistance allele frequencies for Vip3Aa ranged from 0.115 in the Gulf states to 0.032 at more northern locations. These findings indicate that better resistance management practices are urgently needed to sustain efficacy the of corn and cotton that produce Vip3Aa.
- Field Crops: 2022 Pest Management GuideBesancon, Thierry E.; Cahoon, Charlie; Chandran, Rakesh; Currin, John F.; Day, Eric R.; Flessner, Michael; Frame, William Hunter; Frank, Daniel; Hines, Tommy; Johnson, Quintin; Jordan, David; Koehler, Alyssa; Langston, David B.; Lingenfelter, Dwight; Reed, T. David; Singh, Vijay; Taylor, Sally V.; VanGessel, Mark; Vollmer, Kurt; Wallace, John M.; Wilson, James M. (2022-02-03)
- Insect pest management in hemp in VirginiaBritt, Kadie Elizabeth (Virginia Tech, 2021-04-13)For the first time in many decades, a hemp pilot program was initiated in Virginia in 2016. Outdoor surveys were conducted in the 2017 and 2018 field seasons to record insect presence and feeding injury to plants. Multiple insect pests were present, including corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea [Boddie]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys [Stål]) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In 2019, indoor production surveys revealed that cannabis aphid, twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and hemp russet mite (Aculops cannabicola [Farkas]) (Acari: Eriophyidae) would likely cause production issues. Very little is known about the impact of insect defoliation in hemp so studies were conducted in 2018-2020 to determine impacts on yield and cannabinoid content of grain and cannabinoid variety hemp due to leaf surface area loss. In Virginia over two growing seasons, manual removal of leaf tissue in grain and CBD cultivars did not significantly impact observable effects on physical yield (seed or bud weight) or cannabinoid content (CBD or THC) at time of harvest. Corn earworm is the major pest of hemp produced outdoors and studies occurred to evaluate monitoring and management strategies. Pheromone traps may be valuable in determining when corn earworm moths are present in the vicinity of hemp fields but are not useful in predicting larval presence in buds or final crop damage. Larval presence and final crop damage are related. Brown marmorated stink bug does not appear to be a concern in hemp, at least at this time.
- Insect Pest Management in Virginia Cotton, Peanut, and Soybean 2016Herbert, D. Ames Jr.; Taylor, Sally V. (Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2017-01-20)Provides data on insect damage to cotton, peanut and soybean plants and control methods used at crop test plots during 2016 in Virginia.
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