Scholarly Works, Mechanical Engineering

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https://hdl.handle.net/10919/23262
Research articles, presentations, and other scholarship

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Browsing Scholarly Works, Mechanical Engineering by Department "Civil and Environmental Engineering"

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
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    Computational investigation of the flow field contribution to improve electricity generation in granular activated carbon-assisted microbial fuel cells
    Zhao, Lei; Li, Jian; Battaglia, Francine; He, Zhen (Elsevier, 2016-11-30)
    Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer an alternative approach to treat wastewater with less energy input and direct electricity generation. To optimize MFC anodic performance, adding granular activated carbon (GAC) has been proved to be an effective way, most likely due to the enlarged electrode surface for biomass attachment and improved mixing of the flow field. The impact of a flow field on the current enhancement within a porous anode medium (e.g., GAC) has not been well understood before, and thus is investigated in this study by using mathematical modeling of the multi-order Butler-Volmer equation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. By comparing three different CFD cases (without GAC, with GAC as a nonreactive porous medium, and with GAC as a reactive porous medium), it is demonstrated that adding GAC contributes to a uniform flow field and a total current enhancement of 17%, a factor that cannot be neglected in MFC design. However, in an actual MFC operation, this percentage could be even higher because of the microbial competition and energy loss issues within a porous medium. The results of the present study are expected to help with formulating strategies to optimize MFC with a better flow pattern design. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Entrainment of coarse particles in turbulent flows: An energy approach
    Valyrakis, Manousos; Diplas, Panayiotis; Dancey, Clinton L. (American Geophysical Union, 2013-03-01)
    The entrainment of coarse sediment particles under the action of fluctuating hydrodynamic forces is investigated from an energy perspective. It is demonstrated that the entrainment of a grain resting on the channel boundary is possible when the instantaneous flow power transferred to it exceeds a critical level. Its complete removal from the bed matrix occurs only if the impinging flow events supply sufficient mechanical energy. The energy-based criterion is formulated theoretically for entrainment of individual spherical particles in both saltation and rolling modes. Out of the wide range of flow events that can perform mechanical work on a coarse grain, only those with sufficient power and duration or equivalent energy density and characteristic length scale may accomplish its complete dislodgement. The instantaneous velocity upstream of a mobile particle is synchronously recorded with its position, enabling the identification of the flow events responsible for grain entrainment by rolling at near incipient motion flow conditions. For each of the entrainment events, the energy transfer coefficient defined as the ratio of the mechanical work performed on the particle to the mean energy of the flow event responsible for its dislodgement obtains values ranging from 0.04 to 0.10. At the examined low-mobility flow conditions, the majority (about 80%) of the energetic structures leading to complete particle entrainment have a characteristic length of about two to four particle diameters.
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    Heat Flux Sensing for Machine-Learning-Based Personal Thermal Comfort Modeling
    Jung, Wooyoung; Jazizadeh, Farrokh; Diller, Thomas E. (MDPI, 2019-08-25)
    In recent years, physiological features have gained more attention in developing models of personal thermal comfort for improved and accurate adaptive operation of Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. Pursuing the identification of effective physiological sensing systems for enhancing flexibility of human-centered and distributed control, using machine learning algorithms, we have investigated how heat flux sensing could improve personal thermal comfort inference under transient ambient conditions. We have explored the variations of heat exchange rates of facial and wrist skin. These areas are often exposed in indoor environments and contribute to the thermoregulation mechanism through skin heat exchange, which we have coupled with variations of skin and ambient temperatures for inference of personal thermal preferences. Adopting an experimental and data analysis methodology, we have evaluated the modeling of personal thermal preference of 18 human subjects for well-known classifiers using different scenarios of learning. The experimental measurements have revealed the differences in personal thermal preferences and how they are reflected in physiological variables. Further, we have shown that heat exchange rates have high potential in improving the performance of personal inference models even compared to the use of skin temperature.
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    High-resolution 3-D monitoring of evolving sediment beds
    Bouratsis, Polydefkis; Diplas, Panayiotis; Dancey, Clinton L.; Apsilidis, Nikolaos (American Geophysical Union, 2013-02-01)
    A new photogrammetric technique has been developed for monitoring the morphology of evolving stream beds. A pair of commercial cameras is used to record the evolution of the bed, and a computational approach that consists of a set of computer-vision and image-processing algorithms is employed to analyze the videos and reconstruct the instantaneous 3-D surface of the bed. Time-and space-resolved measurements are obtained to generate accurate representations of the bed. The required setup for the implementation of the technique is relatively simple and minimally intrusive. A thorough description of the algorithms that were used and detailed instructions for the implementation of the technique is provided. High-resolution measurements of a gravel bed in a clear-water, bridge scour experiment were carried out to demonstrate the operation and validate the capabilities of the technique. The new technique shows advantages compared to existing methods in terms of spatial resolution, temporal resolution, simplicity, and cost. Citation: Bouratsis, P., P. Diplas, C. L. Dancey, and N. Apsilidis (2013), High-resolution 3-D monitoring of evolving sediment beds, Water Resour. Res., 49, doi: 10.1002/wrcr.20110.
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    Instantaneous turbulent forces and impulse on a rough bed: Implications for initiation of bed material movement
    Celik, Ahmet Ozan; Diplas, Panayiotis; Dancey, Clinton L. (American Geophysical Union, 2013-04-01)
    The overall objective of this study is to identify the physical mechanisms responsible for the entrainment of an exposed particle subject to rapidly fluctuating hydrodynamic forces in the case of channel flow with a fully rough boundary. This is pursued here by examining particle dislodgment under uniform and cylinder wake-flow experiments. The critical impulse concept is investigated more rigorously by measuring directly the pressures at four points on the surface of a fixed test grain. The number of impulse events determined from these experiments increases by more than an order of magnitude, over a modest change of roughness Reynolds number. Furthermore, they are well described by a log-normal probability density function. Both results are consistent with those obtained from similar experiments via indirect (velocity-based) impulse calculations and reported in a prior contribution. This comparison supports the use of the velocity record for determining instantaneous hydrodynamic forces and impulses instead of the more difficult approach of measuring the pressure fluctuations directly. The present results demonstrate the dominant role the local, streamwise velocity component plays on particle dislodgment. This is attributed to the large impulse content and occasionally strong positive lift force associated with flow events, exhibiting pronounced positive streamwise velocity fluctuations. The majority (approximate to 70%) of these events occur in the fourth quadrant, while a significant number (approximate to 22%) appear as first-quadrant episodes. It was also determined that wake flows can increase substantially particle entrainment via enhanced lift and increased turbulence intensity.
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    Quantitative Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Scour at the Base of a Cylinder
    Bouratsis, Polydefkis; Diplas, Panayiotis; Dancey, Clinton L.; Apsilidis, Nikolaos (MDPI, 2017-03-20)
    The measurement of the morphologic characteristics of evolving sediment beds around hydraulic structures is crucial for the understanding of the physical processes that drive scour. Although there has been significant progress towards the experimental characterization of the flow field in setups with complex geometries, little has been done with respect to the quantitative investigation of dynamic sediment bed geometry, mainly due to the limited capabilities of conventional instrumentation. Here, a recently developed computer vision technique is applied to obtain high-resolution topographic measurements of the evolving bed at the base of a cylinder during clear water scour, without interrupting the experiment. The topographic data is processed to derive the morphologic characteristics of the bed such as the excavated volume and the slopes of the bed. Subsequently, the rates of scour and the bathymetry at multiple locations are statistically investigated. The results of this investigation are compared with existing flow measurements from previous studies to describe the physical processes that take place inside a developing scour hole. Two distinct temporal phases (initial and development) as well as three spatial regions (front, side and wake) are defined and expressions for the statistical modelling of the bed features are derived.
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    Understanding Ammonium Transport in Bioelectrochemical Systems towards its Recovery
    Liu, Ying; Qin, Mohan; Luo, Shuai; He, Zhen; Qiao, Rui (Nature Publishing Group, 2016-03-03)
    We report an integrated experimental and simulation study of ammonia recovery using microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The transport of various species during the batch-mode operation of an MEC was examined experimentally and the results were used to validate the mathematical model for such an operation. It was found that, while the generated electrical current through the system tends to acidify (or basify) the anolyte (or catholyte), their effects are buffered by a cascade of chemical groups such as the NH₃/NH₄⁺ group, leading to relatively stable pH values in both anolyte and catholyte. The transport of NH₄⁺ ions accounts for ~90% of the total current, thus quantitatively confirming that the NH₄⁺ ions serve as effective proton shuttles during MEC operations. Analysis further indicated that, because of the Donnan equilibrium at cation exchange membrane-anolyte/catholyte interfaces, the Na+ ion in the anolyte actually facilitates the transport of NH₄⁺ ions during the early stage of a batch cycle and they compete with the NH₄⁺ ions weakly at later time. These insights, along with a new and simple method for predicting the strength of ammonia diffusion from the catholyte toward the anolyte, will help effective design and operation of bioeletrochemical system-based ammonia recovery systems.