Department of Sociology

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https://hdl.handle.net/10919/24258

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Browsing Department of Sociology by Subject "1701 Psychology"

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    Beyond Obstacles: Toward Justice for Victims of Sexual Violence in Hungary. A Literature Review
    Parti, Katalin; Robinson, Robin A.; Kohlmann, David; Viragh, Eniko; Varga-Sabjan, Dora (SAGE, 2021-06-30)
    Alarmed by research that reveals Hungary as having one of the lowest reporting rates in cases of sexual violence in Europe, this article provides an overview of the research that explains why, historically, sexual violence has been and continues to be underreported all over the globe, from law enforcement and criminal justice perspective. Furthermore, we describe the unique circumstances that might influence Hungarian victims of sexual violence to make formal reports. Among other possible factors, we discuss rape myth acceptance, victim blaming, feminist activism, institutional betrayal, and media representations of rape. In an effort to provide insight into Hungarian gender politics, this article raises salient theoretical works on gender ideology and gender policy in contemporary Hungary. This article concludes with a discussion on what implications such research in Hungary may have on a global understanding of sexual violence reporting.
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    Hate Knows No Boundaries: Online Hate in Six Nations
    Reichelmann, Ashley V.; Hawdon, James E.; Costello, Matthew; Ryan, John; Blaya, Catherine; Llorent, Vicente J.; Oksanen, Atte; Räsänen, Pekka; Zych, Izabela (Taylor & Francis, 2020-01-31)
    This paper examines cross-national commonalities and differences in online hate speech content, exposure, and emotional reaction. Using online surveys from 18 to 25-year-old respondents in six countries, we find a majority of respondents were exposed to online hate in the preceding 3 months. Commonalities across countries are the platform where the respondents were exposed and how they arrived at such content. Unique national cultures of hate speech also exist, including the common targets and respondents’ emotional reactions. A majority of respondents report feeling angry, sad, or ashamed, but most worrisome may be the substantial numbers who report feelings of hatred or pride after seeing online hate. Given the potential for repeated exposure and the recent increase in hate crimes in the US. and Europe, this finding should serve as a reminder of the dangers of online hate and its potential link to offline violence.
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    Viewing anti-immigrant hate online: An application of routine activity and Social Structure-Social Learning Theory
    Costello, Matthew; Restifo, Salvatore J.; Hawdon, James E. (Pergamon-Elsevier, 2021-11-01)
    The increasingly prominent role of the Internet in the lives of Americans has resulted in more people coming into contact with various types of online content, including online hate material. One of the most common forms of online hate targets immigrants, seeking to position immigrants as threats to personal, national, economic, and cultural security. Given the recent rise in online hate targeting immigrants, this study examines factors that bring individuals into virtual contact with such material. Utilizing recently collected online survey data of American youth and young adults, we draw on insights from Routine Activity Theory and Social Structure-Social Learning Theory to understand exposure to anti-immigrant online hate material. Specifically, we consider how online routines, location in social structure, and social identity are associated with exposure. Results indicate that engaging in behaviors that can increase proximity to motivated offenders increases the likelihood of being exposed to anti-immigrant hate, as does engaging in online behaviors that bolster one’s target suitability. Additionally, individuals who view Americanism as fundamental to their social identity are more apt to encounter anti-immigrant hate material on the Internet, as are those who are more dissatisfied with the current direction of the country.