Studying Moral Distress (MD) and Moral Injury (MI) Among Inpatient and Outpatient Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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dc.contributor.authorWhitehead, Phyllis B.en
dc.contributor.authorHaisch, Carl E.en
dc.contributor.authorHankey, Maria S.en
dc.contributor.authorMutcheson, Brocken
dc.contributor.authorDeWitt, Sarah A.en
dc.contributor.authorStewart, Christi A.en
dc.contributor.authorStewart, Jonathan D.en
dc.contributor.authorBath, Jennifer L.en
dc.contributor.authorBoone, Sherry M.en
dc.contributor.authorJileaeva, Ilonaen
dc.contributor.authorFaulks, Emily R.en
dc.contributor.authorMusick, David W.en
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-09T17:44:46Zen
dc.date.available2023-10-09T17:44:46Zen
dc.date.issued2023-10-09en
dc.date.updated2023-10-09T15:28:39Zen
dc.description.abstractBackground: COVID-19 increased moral distress (MD) and moral injury (MI) among healthcare professionals (HCPs). MD and MI were studied among inpatient and outpatient HCPs during March 2022. Objectives: We sought to examine (1) the relationship between MD and MI; (2) the relationship between MD/MI and pandemic-related burnout and resilience; and (3) the degree to which HCPs experienced pandemic-related MD and MI based on their background. Methods: A survey was conducted to measure MD, MI, burnout, resilience, and intent to leave healthcare at 2 academic medical centers during a 4-week period. A convenience sample of 184 participants (physicians, nurses, residents, respiratory therapists, advanced practice providers) completed the survey. In this mixed-methods approach, researchers analyzed both quantitative and qualitative survey data and triangulated the findings. Results: There was a moderate association between MD and MI (r = .47, P < .001). Regression results indicated that burnout was significantly associated with both MD and MI (P = .02 and P < .001, respectively), while intent to leave was associated only with MD (P < .001). Qualitative results yielded 8 sources of MD and MI: workload, distrust, lack of teamwork/collaboration, loss of connection, lack of leadership, futile care, outside stressors, and vulnerability. Conclusions: While interrelated conceptually, MD and MI should be viewed as distinct constructs. HCPs were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with MD and MI being experienced by all HCP categories. Understanding the sources of MD and MI among HCPs could help to improve well-being and work satisfaction.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extentPages 1-18en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1177/00912174231205660en
dc.identifier.issue2023en
dc.identifier.orcidMusick, David [0000-0002-4590-5335]en
dc.identifier.orcidWhitehead, Phyllis [0000-0001-9530-1102]en
dc.identifier.orcidDeWitt, Sarah [0000-0002-9766-6196]en
dc.identifier.orcidStewart, Jonathan [0009-0000-0095-3133]en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/116433en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsIn Copyrighten
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/en
dc.subjectCOVID-19en
dc.subjectHealthcare workersen
dc.titleStudying Moral Distress (MD) and Moral Injury (MI) Among Inpatient and Outpatient Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemicen
dc.title.serialInternational Journal of Psychiatry in Medicineen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicineen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicine/Internal Medicineen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicine/VTC School of Medicine - Instr Pgmsen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicine/Family and Community Medicineen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicine/Family and Community Medicine/Family and Community Medicineen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicine/Internal Medicine/Palliative Med & Supportive Careen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/VT Carilion School of Medicine/TEACH Membersen

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