A Comprehensive Review of Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal-Related Materials

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dc.contributor.authorZhang, Wencaien
dc.contributor.authorNoble, Christopher Aaronen
dc.contributor.authorYang, Xinboen
dc.contributor.authorHonaker, Ricken
dc.contributor.departmentMining and Minerals Engineeringen
dc.date.accessioned2020-05-29T11:59:45Zen
dc.date.available2020-05-29T11:59:45Zen
dc.date.issued2020-05-17en
dc.date.updated2020-05-28T14:08:05Zen
dc.description.abstractMany studies have been published in recent years focusing on the recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from coal-related materials, including coal, coal refuse, coal mine drainage, and coal combustion byproducts particularly fly ash. The scientific basis and technology development have been supported by coal geologists and extractive metallurgists, and through these efforts, the concept has progressed from feasibility assessment to pilot-scale production over the last five years. Physical beneficiation, acid leaching, ion-exchange leaching, bio-leaching, thermal treatment, alkali treatment, solvent extraction, and other recovery technologies have been evaluated with varying degrees of success depending on the feedstock properties. In general, physical beneficiation can be a suitable low-cost option for preliminary upgrading; however, most studies showed exceedingly low recovery values unless ultrafine grinding was first performed. This finding is largely attributed to the combination of small RE-bearing mineral particle size and complex REE mineralogy in coal-based resources. Alternatively, direct chemical extraction by acid was able to produce moderate recovery values, and the inclusion of leaching additives, alkaline pretreatment, and/or thermal pretreatment considerably improved the process performance. The studies reviewed in this article revealed two major pilot plants where these processes have been successfully deployed along with suitable solution purification technologies to continuously produce high-grade mixed rare earth products (as high as +95%) from coal-based resources. This article presents a systematic review of the recovery methods, testing outcomes, and separation mechanisms that are involved in REE extraction from coal-related materials. The most recent findings regarding the modes of occurrence of REEs in coal-related materials are also included.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationZhang, W.; Noble, A.; Yang, X.; Honaker, R. A Comprehensive Review of Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal-Related Materials. Minerals 2020, 10, 451.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/min10050451en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/98599en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherMDPIen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectrare earth elementsen
dc.subjectrecoveryen
dc.subjectcoalen
dc.subjectacid mine drainageen
dc.subjectcoal combustion byproductsen
dc.titleA Comprehensive Review of Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal-Related Materialsen
dc.title.serialMineralsen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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