Water repellency effects on liquid- and vapor-phase water exchange in soil and clay minerals

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dc.contributor.authorChen, Jingjingen
dc.contributor.committeechairSteward, Ryan D.en
dc.contributor.committeememberStrahm, Brian D.en
dc.contributor.committeememberMcGuire, Kevin J.en
dc.contributor.committeememberEick, Matthew J.en
dc.contributor.committeememberShang, Chaoen
dc.contributor.departmentCrop and Soil Environmental Sciencesen
dc.date.accessioned2019-02-14T15:25:02Zen
dc.date.available2019-02-14T15:25:02Zen
dc.date.issued2019-02-12en
dc.description.abstractDrought conditions and wildfires can induce soil water repellency. Precipitation shifts are expected to exacerbate drought and wildfire in regions such as the southeastern United States, making it critical to understand how repellency affects water exchange processes in soil. The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) quantify the water vapor sorption dynamics of two clay minerals in which water repellency was induced; 2) identify if and for how long wildfires in humid hardwood forests induce water repellency, 3) evaluate if organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups explain actual and potential soil water repellency; and 4) understand how vertical position (i.e., depth) of water repellent layers affect infiltration processes. To meet these objectives, a laboratory test was first conducted examining water vapor sorption processes in water-repellent clay minerals. Next, a field study occurred in two forests that experienced wildfires in late 2016: Mount Pleasant Wildfire Refuge, Virginia, and Chimney Rock State Park, North Carolina, United States. Measurements include water drop penetration time, soil water content, and tension infiltration. Complimentary laboratory tests quantified potential soil water repellency, soil organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups. Results showed that water repellency inhibited water vapor condensation because of altered mineral surface potentials and decreased surface areas. Burned hardwood forest soils presented water repellency for > 1 year, though laboratory measurements presented different trends than in situ measurements. Total organic carbon content and hydrophobic functional groups correlated with soil water repellency measured in the laboratory but not the field. Soil water content was lower in burned than unburned soils, and negatively correlated with water repellency. Water repellency in the surface layers significantly reduced relative water infiltration rates, whereas subsurface water repellency did not, and water repellency persisted longer in sites with surface compared to subsurface water repellency. Finally, while the wildfires increased the occurrence of water repellency, they did not alter the underlying relationship between relative infiltration and surface water repellency. Altogether, this study provided new insight into water repellency effects on water partitioning at soil-atmosphere interfaces, and presented evidence of soil and hydrological changes induced by wildfires in humid hardwood forests.en
dc.description.abstractgeneralRising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns that result from global climate change have the potential to induce long-term droughts, which may induce soil water repellency, as can wildfires that become more prevalent and damaging. Water repellency can alter the physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties of soil. These alterations may drive soil erosional processes and increase the mobility of surface-bound pollutants with the potential to reduce water quality and degrade down-gradient aquatic ecosystems. Thus, it is critical to understand how water repellency affects water movement in and through soils. Despite several decades of research towards this topic, some critical questions still remain. For example, how does water repellent soil influence water characteristics in the vapor phase (which is increasingly important under drought conditions)? Do wildfires in humid hardwood forests cause soil water repellency? If so, how long does water repellency persist? Do water repellency measurements using field and laboratory techniques correspond to one another? How does the depth of water repellent soil layer(s) affect water movement? In order to solve this questions, several tests were conducted in both field and laboratory. The field experiments occurred within forested hillslopes that underwent varying degrees of burning during widespread wildfires that affected the Southeastern United States in late 2016. Choosing two forested locations, we measured actual water repellency, soil moisture, and infiltration in burned and unburned sites after wildfire, and took loose samples for laboratory tests. In the lab, we tested potential water repellency on air-dried soil samples, soil organic carbon content and hydrophobic substance percentage. We also conducted water vapor sorption experiments to quantify water vapor exchange in two types of water repellent minerals: kaolinite and montmorillonite. The results showed that water repellency can affect water exchange between the subsurface and the atmosphere, by both limiting water vapor sorption and reducing liquid water infiltration. Soil organic matter and composition correlate well with potential water repellency measured in the laboratory, though less so with actual water repellency measured in the field. Instead, soil water content provided a high and inverse correlation with actual water repellency. Finally, water infiltration rates were influenced by the vertical position (depth) of water repellent layers, with water repellency at the soil surface causing much reduced initial infiltration rates compared to water-repellent layers in the subsurface.en
dc.description.degreePHDen
dc.format.mediumETDen
dc.identifier.othervt_gsexam:18511en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/87583en
dc.publisherVirginia Techen
dc.rightsIn Copyrighten
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/en
dc.subjectwilfireen
dc.subjectdroughten
dc.subjectinfiltrationen
dc.subjectwater vapor sorptionen
dc.subjectwater contenten
dc.subjectfire severityen
dc.subjectamphiphilic organic substanceen
dc.titleWater repellency effects on liquid- and vapor-phase water exchange in soil and clay mineralsen
dc.typeDissertationen
thesis.degree.disciplineCrop and Soil Environmental Sciencesen
thesis.degree.grantorVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityen
thesis.degree.leveldoctoralen
thesis.degree.namePHDen

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