The anthropogenic salt cycle

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dc.contributor.authorKaushal, Sujay S.en
dc.contributor.authorLikens, Gene E.en
dc.contributor.authorMayer, Paul M.en
dc.contributor.authorShatkay, Ruth R.en
dc.contributor.authorShelton, Sydney A.en
dc.contributor.authorGrant, Stanley B.en
dc.contributor.authorUtz, Ryan M.en
dc.contributor.authorYaculak, Alexis M.en
dc.contributor.authorMaas, Carly M.en
dc.contributor.authorReimer, Jenna E.en
dc.contributor.authorBhide, Shantanu V.en
dc.contributor.authorMalin, Joseph T.en
dc.contributor.authorRippy, Megan A.en
dc.date.accessioned2024-02-26T14:50:08Zen
dc.date.available2024-02-26T14:50:08Zen
dc.date.issued2023-10-31en
dc.description.abstractIncreasing salt production and use is shifting the natural balances of salt ions across Earth systems, causing interrelated effects across biophysical systems collectively known as freshwater salinization syndrome. In this Review, we conceptualize the natural salt cycle and synthesize increasing global trends of salt production and riverine salt concentrations and fluxes. The natural salt cycle is primarily driven by relatively slow geologic and hydrologic processes that bring different salts to the surface of the Earth. Anthropogenic activities have accelerated the processes, timescales and magnitudes of salt fluxes and altered their directionality, creating an anthropogenic salt cycle. Global salt production has increased rapidly over the past century for different salts, with approximately 300 Mt of NaCl produced per year. A salt budget for the USA suggests that salt fluxes in rivers can be within similar orders of magnitude as anthropogenic salt fluxes, and there can be substantial accumulation of salt in watersheds. Excess salt propagates along the anthropogenic salt cycle, causing freshwater salinization syndrome to extend beyond freshwater supplies and affect food and energy production, air quality, human health and infrastructure. There is a need to identify environmental limits and thresholds for salt ions and reduce salinization before planetary boundaries are exceeded, causing serious or irreversible damage across Earth systems.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extentPages 770-784en
dc.format.extent15 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00485-yen
dc.identifier.eissn2662-138Xen
dc.identifier.issn2662-138Xen
dc.identifier.issue11en
dc.identifier.orcidGrant, Stanley [0000-0001-6221-7211]en
dc.identifier.orcidRippy, Megan [0000-0002-0575-8342]en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10919/118156en
dc.identifier.volume4en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherSpringerNatureen
dc.rightsPublic Domain (U.S.)en
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/en
dc.subjectFresh-Water Salinizationen
dc.subjectWilson Cyclesen
dc.subjectDust Stormsen
dc.subjectSea-Salten
dc.subjectChlorideen
dc.subjectSoilsen
dc.subjectSalinityen
dc.subjectFluxesen
dc.subjectRatesen
dc.subjectGroundwateren
dc.titleThe anthropogenic salt cycleen
dc.title.serialNature Reviews Earth & Environmenten
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherJournalen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineeringen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineering/Civil & Environmental Engineeringen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineering/COE T&R Facultyen

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