Ambient and Dosed Exposure to Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants Causes Neural Tube Defects in Rodents

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dc.contributor.authorHrubec, Terry C.en
dc.contributor.authorMelin, Vanessa E.en
dc.contributor.authorShea, Caroline S.en
dc.contributor.authorFerguson, Elizabeth E.en
dc.contributor.authorGarofola, Craigen
dc.contributor.authorRepine, Claire M.en
dc.contributor.authorChapman, Tyler W.en
dc.contributor.authorPatel, Hiral R.en
dc.contributor.authorRazvi, Reza M.en
dc.contributor.authorSugrue, Jesse E.en
dc.contributor.authorPotineni, Harithaen
dc.contributor.authorMagnin, Geraldineen
dc.contributor.authorHunt, Patricia A.en
dc.date.accessioned2019-10-03T17:21:56Zen
dc.date.available2019-10-03T17:21:56Zen
dc.date.issued2017-08-15en
dc.description.abstractBackground: Quaternary ammonium compounds are a large class of chemicals used for their antimicrobial and antistatic properties. Two common quaternary ammonium compounds, alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), are combined in common cleaners and disinfectants. Introduction of a cleaner containing ADBAC+DDAC in the vivarium caused neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice and rats. Methods: To further evaluate this finding, male and female mice were dosed in the feed at 60 or 120 mg/kg/day, or by oral gavage at 7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg ADBAC+DDAC. Mice also received ambient exposure to ADBAC+DDAC from the disinfectant used in the mouse room. Embryos were evaluated on gestational day 10 for NTDs, and fetuses were evaluated on gestational day 18 for gross and skeletal malformations. Results: We found increased NTDs with exposure to ADBAC+DDAC in both rats and mice. The NTDs persisted for two generations after cessation of exposure. Notably, male exposure alone was sufficient to cause NTDs. Equally significant, ambient exposure from disinfectant use in the vivarium, influenced the levels of NTDs to a greater extent than oral dosing. No gross or significant axial skeletal malformations were observed in late gestation fetuses. Placental abnormalities and late gestation fetal deaths were increased at 120 mg/kg/day, which might explain the lack of malformations observed in late gestation fetuses. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that ADBAC+DDAC in combination are teratogenic to rodents. Given the increased use of these disinfectants, further evaluation of their safety in humans and their contribution to health and disease is essential. (C) 2017 The Authors. Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.en
dc.description.notesSupported by NIH grant R21 ES016886, and The Passport Foundation.en
dc.description.sponsorshipNIH [R21 ES016886]; Passport Foundationen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1064en
dc.identifier.issn2472-1727en
dc.identifier.issue14en
dc.identifier.pmid28618200en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/94339en
dc.identifier.volume109en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectneural tube defectsen
dc.subjectQACsen
dc.subjectQAC disinfectantsen
dc.subjectteratogenesisen
dc.subjectenvironmental contaminantsen
dc.subjectabnormal developmenten
dc.titleAmbient and Dosed Exposure to Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants Causes Neural Tube Defects in Rodentsen
dc.title.serialBirth Defects Researchen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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