Sustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policy

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dc.contributor.authorYang, Zhijieen
dc.contributor.authorHuang, Haiboen
dc.contributor.authorLin, Fengen
dc.date.accessioned2022-06-14T12:49:47Zen
dc.date.available2022-06-14T12:49:47Zen
dc.date.issued2022-05-10en
dc.description.abstractLi-ion batteries (LIBs) can reduce carbon emissions by powering electric vehicles (EVs) and promoting renewable energy development with grid-scale energy storage. However, LIB production and electricity generation still heavily rely on fossil fuels at present, resulting in major environmental concerns. Are LIBs as environmentally friendly and sustainable as expected at the current stage? In the past 5 years, a skyrocketing growth of the EV market has been witnessed. LIBs have garnered huge attention from academia, industry, government, non-governmental organizations, investors, and the general public. Tremendous volumes of LIBs are already implemented in EVs today, with a continuing, exponential growth expected for the years to come. When LIBs reach their end-of-life in the next decades, what technologies can be in place to enable second-life or recycling of batteries? Herein, life cycle assessment studies are examined to evaluate the environmental impact of LIBs, and EVs are compared with internal combustion engine vehicles regarding environmental sustainability. To provide a holistic view of the LIB development, this Perspective provides insights into materials development, manufacturing, recycling, legislation and policy, and beyond. Last but not least, the future development of LIBs and charging infrastructures in light of emerging technologies are envisioned.en
dc.description.notesZ.Y. and F.L. were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Award number: DE-EE0008444. F.L. and H.H. were supported by the USDA AFRI Foundational and Applied Program (grant number 2020-67021-31139). The authors are grateful for the support from the Lin lab members. H.H. was supported by Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station.en
dc.description.sponsorshipU.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) [DE-EE0008444]; USDA AFRI Foundational and Applied Program [2020-67021-31139]; Virginia Agricultural Experimental Stationen
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202200383en
dc.identifier.eissn1614-6840en
dc.identifier.issn1614-6832en
dc.identifier.other2200383en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/110775en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherWileyen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/en
dc.subjectcathodesen
dc.subjectelectric vehiclesen
dc.subjectlife cycle assessmentsen
dc.subjectLi-ion batteriesen
dc.subjectpoliciesen
dc.subjectrecyclingen
dc.subjectsupply chainsen
dc.titleSustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policyen
dc.title.serialAdvanced Energy Materialsen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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