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Contemporary Hermits: A Developmental Psychopathology Account of Extreme Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) in Young People

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dc.contributor.authorMuris, Peteren
dc.contributor.authorOllendick, Thomas H.en
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-28T13:07:12Zen
dc.date.available2023-03-28T13:07:12Zen
dc.date.issued2023-01-18en
dc.description.abstractAlthough it is widely accepted that human beings have an ingrained 'need to belong,' there seem to be a substantial subset of young people who seclude themselves for most of the time at home and no longer engage in education or work, ultimately withdrawing from participation in society. In Japan, this phenomenon has been labeled as 'hikikomori,' but given its global presence it may be preferable to use the term 'extreme social withdrawal' (ESW). In this qualitative review, we provide a description and definition of ESW, provide figures on its prevalence, and discuss a number of associated concepts, including loneliness and "aloneliness," school absenteeism and dropout, the 'new' developmental stage of adultolescence, and the labor force categories of freeter ('freelance arbeiter') and NEET (a young person not in employment, education, or training). The core of the paper is focused on the origins of ESW in young people and provides a narrative overview of relevant etiological factors, such as aberrant brain processes, unfavorable temperament, psychiatric conditions, adverse family processes including detrimental parenting, negative peer experiences, societal pressures, and excessive internet and digital media use, which are all placed within a comprehensive developmental psychopathology framework. We will close with a discussion of possible interventions for young people with ESW and formulate a guideline that describes (the temporal order of) various components that need to be included in such a treatment.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00425-8en
dc.identifier.eissn1573-2827en
dc.identifier.pmid36653555en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/114196en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherSpringer/Plenum Publishersen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectExtreme social withdrawalen
dc.subjectHikikomorien
dc.subjectYoung peopleen
dc.subjectPsychopathologyen
dc.subjectDevelopmental transitionen
dc.subjectNegative family influencesen
dc.subjectSocietal influencesen
dc.subjectExcessive internet useen
dc.subjectLonelinessen
dc.titleContemporary Hermits: A Developmental Psychopathology Account of Extreme Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) in Young Peopleen
dc.title.serialClinical Child and Family Psychology Reviewen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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