Vitamin D Synthesis Following a Single Bout of Sun Exposure in Older and Younger Men and Women

Abstract

Older adults are frequently cited as an at-risk population for vitamin D deficiency that may in part be due to decreased cutaneous synthesis, a potentially important source of cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃). Previous studies found that cutaneous D₃ production declines with age; however, most studies have been conducted ex vivo or in the photobiology lab. The purpose of this study was to characterize the response of vitamin D metabolites following a 30-min bout of sun exposure (15-min each to the dorsal and ventral sides) at close to solar noon in younger and older adults. Methods: 30 healthy individuals with skin type II/III were recruited; a younger cohort, aged 20&ndash;37 (<i>n</i> = 18) and an older cohort (<i>n</i> = 12), age 51&ndash;69 years. Exposure was at outer limits of sensible sun exposure designed to enhance vitamin D synthesis without increasing risk of photo ageing and non-melanoma skin cancer. Serum D₃ concentration was measured at baseline, 24, 48 and 72 h post-exposure. Serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline and 72 h post-exposure plus 168 h post-exposure in the older cohort. Results: D₃ increased in response to sun exposure (time effect; <i>p</i> = 0.002) with a trend for a difference in D₃ between cohorts (time*group; <i>p</i> = 0.09). By regression modeling of continuous data, age accounted for 20% of the variation in D₃ production. D₃ production decreased by 13% per decade. Despite changes in D₃, however, serum 25(OH)D did not change from baseline to 72 or 168 h post exposure (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.10). Conclusions: Serum D₃ concentration increased significantly in response to outdoor sun exposure in younger and older adults. While ageing may dampen cutaneous synthesis, sunlight exposure is still a significant source of vitamin D₃.