Chlorothalonil Exposure Alters Virus Susceptibility and Markers of Immunity, Nutrition, and Development in Honey Bees

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dc.contributor.authorO'Neal, Scott T.en
dc.contributor.authorReeves, Alison M.en
dc.contributor.authorFell, Richard D.en
dc.contributor.authorBrewster, Carlyle C.en
dc.contributor.authorAnderson, Troy D.en
dc.contributor.departmentEntomologyen
dc.date.accessioned2019-07-30T19:25:20Zen
dc.date.available2019-07-30T19:25:20Zen
dc.date.issued2019-05-23en
dc.description.abstractChlorothalonil is a broad spectrum chloronitrile fungicide that has been identified as one of the most common pesticide contaminants found in managed honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apis mellifera L.), their food stores, and the hive environment. While not acutely toxic to honey bees, several studies have identified potential sublethal effects, especially in larvae, but comprehensive information regarding the impact of chlorothalonil on adults is lacking. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of exposure to a field relevant level of chlorothalonil on honey bee antiviral immunity and biochemical markers of general and social immunity, as well as macronutrient markers of nutrition and morphological markers of growth and development. Chlorothalonil exposure was found to have an effect on 1) honey bee resistance and/ or tolerance to viral infection by decreasing the survival of bees following a viral challenge, 2) social immunity, by increasing the level of glucose oxidase activity, 3) nutrition, by decreasing levels of total carbohydrate and protein, and 4) development, by decreasing the total body weight, head width, and wing length of adult nurse and forager bees. Although more research is required to better understand how chlorothalonil interacts with bee physiology to increase mortality associated with viral infections, this study clearly illustrates the sublethal effects of chlorothalonil exposure on bee immunity, nutrition, and development.en
dc.description.notesThis study was partially funded by a grant from the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (MOA 2013-001; registration fees paid by pesticide companies).en
dc.description.sponsorshipVirginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services [MOA 2013-001]en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez051en
dc.identifier.eissn2250-2645en
dc.identifier.issn1536-2442en
dc.identifier.issue3en
dc.identifier.other14en
dc.identifier.pmid31120492en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/92189en
dc.identifier.volume19en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherEntomological Society of Americaen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en
dc.subjecthoney beeen
dc.subjectchlorothalonilen
dc.subjectimmunityen
dc.subjectNutritionen
dc.subjectdevelopmenten
dc.titleChlorothalonil Exposure Alters Virus Susceptibility and Markers of Immunity, Nutrition, and Development in Honey Beesen
dc.title.serialJournal of Insect Scienceen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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