Survival of MS2 and Φ6 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations

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dc.contributor.authorLin, Kaisenen
dc.contributor.authorSchulte, Chase R.en
dc.contributor.authorMarr, Linsey C.en
dc.contributor.departmentCivil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.date.accessioned2021-03-02T19:02:00Zen
dc.date.available2021-03-02T19:02:00Zen
dc.date.issued2020-12-08en
dc.description.abstractThe survival of viruses in droplets is known to depend on droplets’ chemical composition, which may vary in respiratory fluid between individuals and over the course of disease. This relationship is also important for understanding the persistence of viruses in droplets generated from wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. We investigated the effects of salt (0, 1, and 35 g/L), protein (0, 100, and 1000 μg/mL), surfactant (0, 1, and 10 μg/mL), and droplet pH (4.0, 7.0, and 10.0) on the viability of viruses in 1-μL droplets pipetted onto polystyrene surfaces and exposed to 20%, 50%, and 80% relative humidity (RH) using a culture-based approach. Results showed that viability of MS2, a non-enveloped virus, was generally higher than that of Φ6, an enveloped virus, in droplets after 1 hour. The chemical composition of droplets greatly influenced virus viability. Specifically, the survival of MS2 was similar in droplets at different pH values, but the viability of Φ6 was significantly reduced in acidic and basic droplets compared to neutral ones. The presence of bovine serum albumin protected both MS2 and Φ6 from inactivation in droplets. The effects of sodium chloride and the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate varied by virus type and RH. Meanwhile, RH affected the viability of viruses as shown previously: viability was lowest at intermediate to high RH. The results demonstrate that the viability of viruses is determined by the chemical composition of carrier droplets, especially pH and protein content, and environmental factors. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the chemical composition of carrier droplets in order to predict the persistence of viruses contained in them.en
dc.description.sponsorshipL.C.M. received National Institute of Health Director’s New Innovator Award (1-DP2- A1112243) https://www.nih.gov/ and funding support from National Science Foundation (CBET- 1438103 and ECCS-1542100) https://www.nsf. gov/.en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationLin K, Schulte CR, Marr LC (2020) Survival of MS2 and Φ6 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrations. PLoS ONE 15(12): e0243505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0243505en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243505en
dc.identifier.issue12en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/102514en
dc.identifier.volume15en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherPLOSen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleSurvival of MS2 and Φ6 viruses in droplets as a function of relative humidity, pH, and salt, protein, and surfactant concentrationsen
dc.title.serialPLOS Oneen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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Destination Area: Global Systems Science (GSS)
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