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Predicting Solute Transport Through Green Stormwater Infrastructure With Unsteady Transit Time Distribution Theory

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dc.contributor.authorParker, E. A.en
dc.contributor.authorGrant, Stanley B.en
dc.contributor.authorCao, Y.en
dc.contributor.authorRippy, Megan A.en
dc.contributor.authorMcGuire, Kevin J.en
dc.contributor.authorHolden, P. A.en
dc.contributor.authorFeraud, M.en
dc.contributor.authorAvasarala, S.en
dc.contributor.authorLiu, H.en
dc.contributor.authorHung, W. C.en
dc.contributor.authorRugh, M.en
dc.contributor.authorJay, J.en
dc.contributor.authorPeng, J.en
dc.contributor.authorShao, S.en
dc.contributor.authorLi, D.en
dc.contributor.departmentCivil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.contributor.departmentCenter for Coastal Studiesen
dc.contributor.departmentForest Resources and Environmental Conservationen
dc.contributor.departmentVirginia Water Resources Research Centeren
dc.date.accessioned2021-05-24T14:24:11Zen
dc.date.available2021-05-24T14:24:11Zen
dc.date.issued2021-02en
dc.description.abstractIn this study, we explore the use of unsteady transit time distribution (TTD) theory to model solute transport in biofilters, a popular form of nature-based or "green" storm water infrastructure (GSI). TTD theory has the potential to address many unresolved challenges associated with predicting pollutant fate and transport through these systems, including unsteadiness in the water balance (time-varying inflows, outflows, and storage), unsteadiness in pollutant loading, time-dependent reactions, and scale-up to GSI networks and urban catchments. From a solution to the unsteady age conservation equation under uniform sampling, we derive an explicit expression for solute breakthrough during and after one or more storm events. The solution is calibrated and validated with breakthrough data from 17 simulated storms at a field-scale biofilter test facility in Southern California, using bromide as a conservative tracer. TTD theory closely reproduces bromide breakthrough concentrations, provided that lateral exchange with the surrounding soil is accounted for. At any given time, according to theory, more than half of the water in storage is from the most recent storm, while the rest is a mixture of penultimate and earlier storms. Thus, key management endpoints, such as the pollutant treatment credit attributable to GSI, are likely to depend on the evolving age distribution of water stored and released by these systems.en
dc.description.notesThe authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation Growing Convergence Research Program award to SBG (NSF Award #2021015), the University of California Office of the President, Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives award to PH and SBG (Grant ID MRP-17-455083), and Virginia Tech's Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. EAP was supported by a Via Ph.D. Fellowship from Virginia Tech's Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The authors thank B. Hong, A. Mehring, and OCPW staff for their assistance with field sampling and lab analysis, and C. Harman, E. Fassman-Beck, the Associate Editor, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful edits and comments. E. A. Parker and S. B. Grant designed and implemented the experiments, derived the TTD framework, and drafted the manuscript. Y. Cao, J. Peng, and S. Shao coordinated field experiments. M. A. Rippy, P. Holden, M. Feraud, S. Avasarala, H. Liu, W. Hung, M. Rugh, J. Jay, D. Li contributed to field sampling and lab analysis. M. A. Rippy, S. Shao, and K. McGuire contributed analyses. All co-authors contributed edits.en
dc.description.sponsorshipU.S. National Science Foundation Growing Convergence Research Program (NSF Award)National Science Foundation (NSF) [2021015]; University of California Office of the President, Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives awardUniversity of California System [MRP-17-455083]; Virginia Tech's Charles E. Via, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028579en
dc.identifier.eissn1944-7973en
dc.identifier.issn0043-1397en
dc.identifier.issue2en
dc.identifier.othere2020WR028579en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/103456en
dc.identifier.volume57en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectgreen storm water infrastructureen
dc.subjectlow impact developmenten
dc.subjectnitrogen removalen
dc.subjectpathogen removalen
dc.subjectpollutant fate and transport modelingen
dc.subjecttransit time distribution theoryen
dc.titlePredicting Solute Transport Through Green Stormwater Infrastructure With Unsteady Transit Time Distribution Theoryen
dc.title.serialWater Resources Researchen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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Scholarly Works, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Destination Area: Global Systems Science (GSS)
Scholarly Works, Center for Coastal Studies
Scholarly Works, Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation
Scholarly Works, Virginia Water Resources Research Center