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Longitudinal stream synoptic monitoring tracks chemicals along watershed continuums: a typology of trends

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dc.contributor.authorKaushal, Sujay S.en
dc.contributor.authorMaas, Carly M.en
dc.contributor.authorMayer, Paul M.en
dc.contributor.authorNewcomer-Johnson, Tammy A.en
dc.contributor.authorGrant, Stanley B.en
dc.contributor.authorRippy, Megan A.en
dc.contributor.authorShatkay, Ruth R.en
dc.contributor.authorLeathers, Jonathanen
dc.contributor.authorGold, Arthur J.en
dc.contributor.authorSmith, Cassandraen
dc.contributor.authorMcMullen, Evan C.en
dc.contributor.authorHaq, Shahanen
dc.contributor.authorSmith, Roseen
dc.contributor.authorDuan, Shuiwangen
dc.contributor.authorMalin, Josephen
dc.contributor.authorYaculak, Alexisen
dc.contributor.authorReimer, Jenna E.en
dc.contributor.authorNewcomb, Katie Delaneyen
dc.contributor.authorRaley, Ashley Sidesen
dc.contributor.authorCollison, Daniel C.en
dc.contributor.authorGalella, Joseph G.en
dc.contributor.authorGrese, Melissaen
dc.contributor.authorSivirichi, Gwendolynen
dc.contributor.authorDoody, Thomas R.en
dc.contributor.authorVikesland, Peter J.en
dc.contributor.authorBhide, Shantanu V.en
dc.contributor.authorKrauss, Laurenen
dc.contributor.authorDaugherty, Madelineen
dc.contributor.authorStavrou, Christinaen
dc.contributor.authorEtheredge, MaKaylaen
dc.contributor.authorZiegler, Jillianen
dc.contributor.authorKirschnick, Andrewen
dc.contributor.authorEngland, Williamen
dc.contributor.authorBelt, Kenneth T.en
dc.date.accessioned2024-02-26T14:48:29Zen
dc.date.available2024-02-26T14:48:29Zen
dc.date.issued2023-06-09en
dc.description.abstractThere are challenges in monitoring and managing water quality due to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in contaminant sources, transport, and transformations. We demonstrate the importance of longitudinal stream synoptic (LSS) monitoring, which can track combinations of water quality parameters along flowpaths across space and time. Specifically, we analyze longitudinal patterns of chemical mixtures of carbon, nutrients, greenhouse gasses, salts, and metals concentrations along 10 flowpaths draining 1,765 km2 of the Chesapeake Bay region. These 10 longitudinal stream flowpaths are drained by watersheds experiencing either urban degradation, forest and wetland conservation, or stream and floodplain restoration. Along the 10 longitudinal stream flowpaths, we monitored over 300 total sampling sites along a combined stream length of 337 km. Synoptic monitoring along longitudinal flowpaths revealed: (1) increasing, decreasing, piecewise, or no trends and transitions in water quality with increasing distance downstream, which provide insights into water quality processes along flowpaths; (2) longitudinal trends and transitions in water quality along flowpaths can be quantified and compared using simple linear and non-linear statistical relationships with distance downstream and/or land use/land cover attributes, (3) attenuation and transformation of chemical cocktails along flowpaths depend on: spatial scales, pollution sources, and transitions in land use and management, hydrology, and restoration. We compared our LSS patterns with others from the global literature to synthesize a typology of longitudinal water quality trends and transitions in streams and rivers based on hydrological, biological, and geochemical processes. Applications of LSS monitoring along flowpaths from our results and the literature reveal: (1) if there are shifts in pollution sources, trends, and transitions along flowpaths, (2) which pollution sources can spread further downstream to sensitive receiving waters such as drinking water supplies and coastal zones, and (3) if transitions in land use, conservation, management, or restoration can attenuate downstream transport of pollution sources. Our typology of longitudinal water quality responses along flowpaths combines many observations across suites of chemicals that can follow predictable patterns based on watershed characteristics. Our typology of longitudinal water quality responses also provides a foundation for future studies, watershed assessments, evaluating watershed management and stream restoration, and comparing watershed responses to non-point and point pollution sources along streams and rivers. LSS monitoring, which integrates both spatial and temporal dimensions and considers multiple contaminants together (a chemical cocktail approach), can be a comprehensive strategy for tracking sources, fate, and transport of pollutants along stream flowpaths and making comparisons of water quality patterns across different watersheds and regions.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extent28 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifierARTN 1122485 (Article number)en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1122485en
dc.identifier.eissn2296-665Xen
dc.identifier.issn2296-665Xen
dc.identifier.orcidGrant, Stanley [0000-0001-6221-7211]en
dc.identifier.orcidVikesland, Peter [0000-0003-2654-5132]en
dc.identifier.orcidRippy, Megan [0000-0002-0575-8342]en
dc.identifier.pmid37475839en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10919/118154en
dc.identifier.volume11en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherFrontiersen
dc.relation.urihttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37475839en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectcarbonen
dc.subjectnutrientsen
dc.subjectmetalsen
dc.subjectsalten
dc.subjectdrinking wateren
dc.subjectstream restorationen
dc.subjectstormwater managementen
dc.subjecturban watershed continuumen
dc.titleLongitudinal stream synoptic monitoring tracks chemicals along watershed continuums: a typology of trendsen
dc.title.serialFrontiers in Environmental Scienceen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineeringen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineering/Civil & Environmental Engineeringen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineering/COE T&R Facultyen

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