Genotype by feeding regimen interactions in growth selected chickens

Abstract

Growth, reproduction, and immunocompetence were measured in lines of chickens maintained under different feeding regimens. Populations included a commercial broiler breeder parent line segregating at a sex-linked feathering locus (K, k⁺) and 4 experimental lines of which 2 had undergone 32 generations of divergent selection for 56-day body weight and 2 were their sublines in which selection has been relaxed for 5 generations.

Mild feed restriction of the broiler line from 7 to 27 days of age reduced carcass fat and heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, and increased immune organ weight, antibody titer to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antigen and livability than ad libitum fed birds. Body weights were similar by 56 days of age, and there was sexual dimorphism for rate of accelerated growth.

Long term obesity, but not short term weight gain, was detrimental to reproductive performance, feed utilization, response to SRBC, and resistance to Escherichia coli, lymphoid leukosis and livability of broiler breeder dams. Poorer quality crumbles also reduced reproductive performance. An association between an endogenous viral gene encoding for avian leukosis virus (ev21) and the sex-linked K allele of the Z chromosome was confirmed in the broiler genome. Reproductive performance and feed utilization were inferior for K/- than k⁺/-, notwithstanding a pleiotropic effect of K associated with heavier egg and embryo weights. Variation in residual feed consumption was influenced by feathering genotypes and management practices. Increases in hatchability for the initial period after onset of lay were due to a reduction in early embryo deaths. Egg and 18-day embryo weights, ratios of embryo:egg and yolk:albumen, and proficiency of lipid transfer also increased but the latter was not associated with higher hatchability.

Selection for 56-day body weight resulted in a divergence between lines at 21 days of age of 404% for body weight, 279% for feed intake and 138% for feed conversion ratio. Genotype by feeding regimen interactions were observed for growth and appetite development. Early posthatch growth of small intestine was highly correlated with subsequent growth of demand organs. Selection had also resulted in correlated changes in cell size of muscles, but not liver or small intestine which increased in size due to cell hyperplasia. Correlated changes in feed intake mediated synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes.