Spatiotemporal Variation in Environmental Vibrio cholerae in an Estuary in Southern Coastal Ecuador

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dc.contributor.authorRyan, Sadie J.en
dc.contributor.authorStewart-Ibarra, Anna M.en
dc.contributor.authorOrdóñez-Enireb, Euniceen
dc.contributor.authorChu, Winnieen
dc.contributor.authorFinkelstein, Julia L.en
dc.contributor.authorKing, Christine A.en
dc.contributor.authorEscobar, Luis E.en
dc.contributor.authorLupone, Christinaen
dc.contributor.authorHeras, Froilanen
dc.contributor.authorTauzer, Ericaen
dc.contributor.authorWaggoner, Eganen
dc.contributor.authorJames, Tyler G.en
dc.contributor.authorCárdenas, Washington B.en
dc.contributor.authorPolhemus, Marken
dc.contributor.departmentFish and Wildlife Conservationen
dc.date.accessioned2018-03-23T13:04:39Zen
dc.date.available2018-03-23T13:04:39Zen
dc.date.issued2018-03-10en
dc.date.updated2018-03-22T12:46:41Zen
dc.description.abstractCholera emergence is strongly linked to local environmental and ecological context. The 1991–2004 pandemic emerged in Perú and spread north into Ecuador’s El Oro province, making this a key site for potential re-emergence. Machala, El Oro, is a port city of 250,000 inhabitants, near the Peruvian border. Many livelihoods depend on the estuarine system, from fishing for subsistence and trade, to domestic water use. In 2014, we conducted biweekly sampling for 10 months in five estuarine locations, across a gradient of human use, and ranging from inland to ocean. We measured water-specific environmental variables implicated in cholera growth and persistence: pH, temperature, salinity, and algal concentration, and evaluated samples in five months for pathogenic and non-pathogenic <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found environmental persistence of pandemic strains O1 and O139, but no evidence for toxigenic strains. <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> presence was coupled to algal and salinity concentration, and sites exhibited considerable seasonal and spatial heterogeneity. This study indicates that environmental conditions in Machala are optimal for cholera re-emergence, with risk peaking during September, and higher risk near urban periphery low-income communities. This highlights a need for surveillance of this coupled cholera–estuarine system to anticipate potential future cholera outbreaks.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationRyan, S.J.; Stewart-Ibarra, A.M.; Ordóñez-Enireb, E.; Chu, W.; Finkelstein, J.L.; King, C.A.; Escobar, L.E.; Lupone, C.; Heras, F.; Tauzer, E.; Waggoner, E.; James, T.G.; Cárdenas, W.B.; Polhemus, M. Spatiotemporal Variation in Environmental Vibrio cholerae in an Estuary in Southern Coastal Ecuador. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 486.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030486en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/82547en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherMDPIen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectcholeraen
dc.subjectEcuadoren
dc.subjectVibrio choleraeen
dc.subjectstrains O1 and O139en
dc.subjectVibrioen
dc.subjectTemperatureen
dc.subjectspatialen
dc.titleSpatiotemporal Variation in Environmental Vibrio cholerae in an Estuary in Southern Coastal Ecuadoren
dc.title.serialInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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