Spectral characteristics of urine specimens from healthy human volunteers analyzed using Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix)

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dc.contributor.authorSenger, Ryan S.en
dc.contributor.authorKavuru, Varunen
dc.contributor.authorSullivan, Meaghanen
dc.contributor.authorGouldin, Austinen
dc.contributor.authorLundgren, Stephanieen
dc.contributor.authorMerrifield, Kristenen
dc.contributor.authorSteen, Caitlinen
dc.contributor.authorBaker, Emilyen
dc.contributor.authorVu, Tommyen
dc.contributor.authorAgnor, Benen
dc.contributor.authorMartinez, Gabrielleen
dc.contributor.authorCoogan, Hannahen
dc.contributor.authorCarswell, Williamen
dc.contributor.authorKarageorge, Lamprosen
dc.contributor.authorDev, Devasmitaen
dc.contributor.authorDu, Pangen
dc.contributor.authorSklar, Allanen
dc.contributor.authorOrlando, Giuseppeen
dc.contributor.authorPirkle, James, Jr.en
dc.contributor.authorRobertson, John L.en
dc.contributor.departmentBiological Systems Engineeringen
dc.contributor.departmentBiomedical Engineering and Mechanicsen
dc.contributor.departmentChemical Engineeringen
dc.contributor.departmentStatisticsen
dc.contributor.departmentVirginia Tech Carilion School of Medicineen
dc.date.accessioned2020-02-03T17:44:52Zen
dc.date.available2020-02-03T17:44:52Zen
dc.date.issued2019-09-27en
dc.description.abstractRaman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix™) was used to analyze 235 urine specimens from healthy individuals. The purpose of this study was to establish the “range of normal” for Raman spectra of urine specimens from healthy individuals. Ultimately, spectra falling outside of this range will be correlated with kidney and urinary tract disease. Rametrix™ analysis includes direct comparisons of Raman spectra but also principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) models, multivariate statistics, and it is available through GitHub as the Rametrix™ LITE Toolbox for MATLAB®. Results showed consistently overlapping Raman spectra of urine specimens with significantly larger variances in Raman shifts, found by PCA, corresponding to urea, creatinine, and glucose concentrations. A 2-way ANOVA test found that age of the urine specimen donor was statistically significant (p < 0.001) and donor sex (female or male identification) was less so (p = 0.0526). With DAPC models and blind leave-one-out build/test routines using the Rametrix™ PRO Toolbox (also available through GitHub), an accuracy of 71% (sensitivity = 72%; specificity = 70%) was obtained when predicting whether a urine specimen from a healthy unknown individual was from a female or male donor. Finally, from female and male donors (n = 4) who contributed first morning void urine specimens each day for 30 days, the co-occurrence of menstruation was found statistically insignificant to Rametrix™ results (p = 0.695). In addition, Rametrix™ PRO was able to link urine specimens with the individual donor with an average of 78% accuracy. Taken together, this study established the range of Raman spectra that could be expected when obtaining urine specimens from healthy individuals and analyzed by Rametrix™ and provides the methodology for linking results with donor characteristics.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was funded in part by the Center for Innovative Technology (award CP15- 015-LS), the Virginia Tech Foundation, and HATCH (project VA-160057). These funders provided support in salaries for authors (RSS) and materials. They had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, and preparation of the manuscript. RSS and JLR are unsalaried co-founders of DialySensors, Inc., which was involved with study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, and preparation of the manuscript.en
dc.format.extent11 pagesen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationSenger RS, Kavuru V, Sullivan M, Gouldin A, Lundgren S, Merrifield K, et al. (2019) Spectral characteristics of urine specimens from healthy human volunteers analyzed using Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix). PLoS ONE 14(9): e0222115. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222115en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222115en
dc.identifier.issue9en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/96691en
dc.identifier.volume14en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherPLOSen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleSpectral characteristics of urine specimens from healthy human volunteers analyzed using Raman chemometric urinalysis (Rametrix)en
dc.title.serialPLOS Oneen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten

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