Characterization of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from Produce in the Chobe District of Botswana

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dc.contributor.authorBywater, Aujaen
dc.contributor.authorDintwe, Galaletsangen
dc.contributor.authorAlexander, Kathleen A.en
dc.contributor.authorPonder, Monica A.en
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-24T18:08:18Zen
dc.date.available2025-01-24T18:08:18Zen
dc.date.issued2024-08-24en
dc.description.abstractDiarrheal disease is a leading cause of death in children in low- and moderate-income countries. Fresh produce, including fruits and vegetables, may harbor diarrheal disease-causing bacteria including strains of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. enterica and E. coli isolated from produce samples (n = 207) obtained from retail markets in northern Botswana in Chobe District of Botswana in 2022. Samples were enriched in the appropriate selective media: Brilliant Green Bile Broth for E. coli and Rappaport Vassiliadis Broth for S. enterica. E. coli were confirmed by PCR detecting the phoA gene, and classified as potentially pathogenic through screening for the eae, stx, and stx2 and estIb genes. S. enterica isolates were confirmed using invA primers. Isolates were evaluated for resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime, doxycycline, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline antibiotic using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method. E. coli was isolated from 15.5% of produce samples (n = 207). The gene eae was detected from 1.5% of samples, while stx1, stx2, and estIb were not detected. Resistance to one or more antibiotics was common (72%) with the majority of the resistant E. coli (n = 32) isolated from fruits (22%) and greens (18%) compared to other types of vegetables. Multidrug resistance (MDR, resistant to 3 or more antibiotics) was identified in 18% of samples. S. enterica was isolated from 3.4% of produce samples (7, n = 207). Resistance was uncommon among the S. enterica isolates (1/7). Overall prevalence of diarrheagenic S. enterica and E. coli was low; however, their presence and that of MDR E. coli in foods commonly consumed raw increases the risk to vulnerable populations. Strategies to reduce contamination of fresh produce and public education on washing and cooking some types of produce may be useful to reduce disease.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extent6 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifierARTN 100351 (Article number)en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100351en
dc.identifier.eissn1944-9097en
dc.identifier.issn0362-028Xen
dc.identifier.issue10en
dc.identifier.orcidPonder, Monica [0000-0001-7047-3127]en
dc.identifier.orcidAlexander, Kathleen [0000-0001-7338-5341]en
dc.identifier.otherS0362-028X(24)00135-2 (PII)en
dc.identifier.pmid39187132en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10919/124373en
dc.identifier.volume87en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherElsevieren
dc.relation.urihttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39187132en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/en
dc.subjectAntibiotic-resistant bacteriaen
dc.subjectBotswanaen
dc.subjectProduceen
dc.subjectSub-Sahara Africaen
dc.subject.meshHumansen
dc.subject.meshEscherichia colien
dc.subject.meshSalmonella entericaen
dc.subject.meshFruiten
dc.subject.meshVegetablesen
dc.subject.meshDiarrheaen
dc.subject.meshAnti-Bacterial Agentsen
dc.subject.meshMicrobial Sensitivity Testsen
dc.subject.meshFood Microbiologyen
dc.subject.meshFood Contaminationen
dc.subject.meshDrug Resistance, Bacterialen
dc.subject.meshBotswanaen
dc.titleCharacterization of Diarrheagenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> from Produce in the Chobe District of Botswanaen
dc.title.serialJournal of Food Protectionen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
dcterms.dateAccepted2024-08-20en
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Techen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Natural Resources & Environmenten
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Natural Resources & Environment/Fish and Wildlife Conservationen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/Food Science and Technologyen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Faculty of Health Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Natural Resources & Environment/CNRE T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/CALS T&R Facultyen

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