Visual encounters on line transect surveys under-detect carnivore species: Implications for assessing distribution and conservation status

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dc.contributor.authorFragoso, Jose M. V.en
dc.contributor.authorGoncalves, Fernandoen
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Luiz F. B.en
dc.contributor.authorOverman, Hanen
dc.contributor.authorLevi, Taalen
dc.contributor.authorSilvius, Kirsten M.en
dc.contributor.departmentForest Resources and Environmental Conservationen
dc.date.accessioned2020-02-10T14:12:12Zen
dc.date.available2020-02-10T14:12:12Zen
dc.date.issued2019-10-30en
dc.description.abstractWe compared the distribution and occurrence of 15 carnivore species with data collected monthly over three years by trained native trackers using both sign surveys and an encounter-based, visual-distance method in a well-preserved region of southern Guyana (Amazon / Guiana Shield). We found that a rigorously applied sign-based method was sufficient to describe the status of most carnivore species populations, including rare species such as jaguar and bush dog. We also found that even when accumulation curves for direct visual encounter data reached an asymptote, customarily an indication that sufficient sampling has occurred to describe populations, animal occurrence and distribution were grossly underestimated relative to the results of sign data. While other researchers have also found that sign are better than encounters or camera traps for large felids, our results are important in documenting the failure of even intensive levels of effort to raise encounter rates sufficiently to enable statistical analysis, and in describing the relationship between encounter and sign data for an entire community of carnivores including felids, canids, procyonids, and mustelids.en
dc.description.notesThe National Science Foundation (Grant BE/CNH 0508094) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant 2054.01) provided funding for this project. The National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPqBrazil) provided a scholarship to F.G. (process 202214/2015-0) and Stanford University provided additional financial support (process 51211805202). F.G. was also supported by Grant 2017/24252-0 and 2019/00648-7 by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.; We thank Guyana's Environmental Protection Agency and Ministry of Amerindian Affairs for project permitting. The Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation, the North Rupununi District Development Board, and the Deep South Toshaos's Council, acted as in-country collaborators and provided invaluable logistical support. We are grateful to Mike Williams and Wilson Lorentino for invaluable help in negotiations. We thank the Makushi, Wapishana and Wai-Wai technicians whose hard work and dedication made the research possible, as well as the leaders and members of all of our partner communities for their participation, trust, feedback, and innumerable contributions to the project. We thank the graduate students, post-docs, data transcribers, and volunteers who are not authors on this article but who contributed essential work and ideas to the project. We also thank Rodolfo Dirzo for providing a home during the writing of a first draft of the paper to J.M.V.F. and F.G. The National Science Foundation (Grant BE/CNH 0508094) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant 2054.01) provided funding for this project. The National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq-Brazil) provided a scholarship to F.G. (process 202214/2015-0) and Stanford University provided additional financial support (process 51211805202). F.G. was also supported by Grant 2017/24252-0 and 2019/00648-7 by Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).en
dc.description.sponsorshipNational Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [BE/CNH 0508094]; Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationGordon and Betty Moore Foundation [2054.01]; National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq-Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [202214/2015-0]; Stanford UniversityStanford University [51211805202]; Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [2017/24252-0, 2019/00648-7]en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223922en
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203en
dc.identifier.issue10en
dc.identifier.othere0223922en
dc.identifier.pmid31665170en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/96774en
dc.identifier.volume14en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.titleVisual encounters on line transect surveys under-detect carnivore species: Implications for assessing distribution and conservation statusen
dc.title.serialPLOS Oneen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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