Assessment of Ketamine and Its Enantiomers in an Organophosphate-Based Rat Model for Features of Gulf War Illness

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dc.contributor.authorZhu, Jackieen
dc.contributor.authorHawkins, Elisaen
dc.contributor.authorPhillips, Kristinen
dc.contributor.authorDeshpande, Laxmikant S.en
dc.contributor.departmentSchool of Neuroscienceen
dc.date.accessioned2020-06-30T16:41:12Zen
dc.date.available2020-06-30T16:41:12Zen
dc.date.issued2020-06-30en
dc.date.updated2020-06-30T16:28:57Zen
dc.description.abstractApproximately 33% of U.S. soldiers from the first Gulf War suffer from a multi-system disorder known as the Gulf War Illness (GWI). GW veterans suffer from a cluster of symptoms that prominently include fatigue and can include mood-related symptoms<b>.</b> Compared to traditional antidepressants, ketamine (KET) produces a fast-onset and long-lasting antidepressant response, but assessments of KET for GWI-related depression are lacking. The etiology of GWI is multi-factorial and exposure to organophosphates (OP) during deployment is one of the factors underlying GWI development. Here, male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed to an OP DFP and three months later these rats, when assessed on a battery of rodent behavioral assays, displayed signs consistent with aspects of GWI characteristics. When treated with a sub-anesthetic dose of KET (3, 5, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.), DFP-treated rats exhibited a significant improvement in immobility time, open-arm exploration, and sucrose consumption as early as 1 h and much of these effects persisted at 24-h post-KET injection. KET&rsquo;s stereoisomers, <i>R</i>-KET and <i>S</i>-KET, also exhibited such effects in DFP rats, with <i>R</i>-KET being the more potent isomer. Our studies provide a starting point for further assessment of KET for GWI depression.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.citationZhu, J.; Hawkins, E.; Phillips, K.; Deshpande, L.S. Assessment of Ketamine and Its Enantiomers in an Organophosphate-Based Rat Model for Features of Gulf War Illness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4710.en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134710en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/99201en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherMDPIen
dc.rightsCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 Internationalen
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/en
dc.subjectorganophosphatesen
dc.subjectDFPen
dc.subjectdepressionen
dc.subjectR-ketamineen
dc.subjectS-ketamineen
dc.subjectSprague-Dawley ratsen
dc.titleAssessment of Ketamine and Its Enantiomers in an Organophosphate-Based Rat Model for Features of Gulf War Illnessen
dc.title.serialInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.dcmitypeStillImageen

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