Water Safety in California Public Schools Following Implementation of School Drinking Water Policies

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dc.contributor.authorUmunna, Isioma L.en
dc.contributor.authorBlacker, Lauren S.en
dc.contributor.authorHecht, Christina E.en
dc.contributor.authorEdwards, Marc A.en
dc.contributor.authorAltman, Emily A.en
dc.contributor.authorPatel, Anisha I.en
dc.contributor.departmentCivil and Environmental Engineeringen
dc.date.accessioned2021-08-26T12:38:27Zen
dc.date.available2021-08-26T12:38:27Zen
dc.date.issued2020-12-01en
dc.date.updated2021-08-26T12:38:24Zen
dc.description.abstractIntroduction: Recent legislation requires public and charter schools in California to test drinking water for lead. Our objective was to describe 1)results from this testing program in the context of other available water safety data and 2) factors related to schools and water utilities associated with access to safe drinking water in schools. Methods Our study focused on a random sample of 240 California public and charter schools. We used multivariable logistic regression, accounting for clustering of tested water sources in schools, to examine school-level factors associated with failure to meet lead-testing deadlines and any history of water utility noncompliance. Results: Of the 240 schools, the majority (n = 174) tested drinking water for lead. Of the schools tested, 3% (n = 6) had at least 1 sample that exceeded 15 parts per billion (ppb) (California action level) and 16% (n = 28) exceeded 5 ppb (bottled water standard). Suburban schools had lower odds of being served by noncompliant water systems (OR = 0.17; CI, 0.05–0.64; P =.009) than city schools. Compared with city schools, rural schools had the highest odds of not participating in the water testing program for lead (OR = 3.43; CI, 1.46–8.05; P =.005). Hallways and common spaces and food services areas were the most frequent school locations tested; one-third of all locations sampled could not be identified. Conclusion: In our study, geography influenced access to safe drinking water in schools, including both water utility safety standards and school lead-testing practices. Considerations for improving the implementation of state lead-testing programs include establishing priority locations for sampling, precisely labeling samples, and developing well-defined testing and reporting protocols.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extent10 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifierARTN E166 (Article number)en
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.5888/pcd17.200366en
dc.identifier.eissn2166-5435en
dc.identifier.issn1545-1151en
dc.identifier.orcidEdwards, Marc [0000-0002-1889-1193]en
dc.identifier.otherE166 (PII)en
dc.identifier.pmid33416472en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10919/104714en
dc.identifier.volume17en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherCenters for Disease Control and Preventionen
dc.relation.urihttp://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000616981600013&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=930d57c9ac61a043676db62af60056c1en
dc.rightsCreative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0en
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0en
dc.subjectLife Sciences & Biomedicineen
dc.subjectPublic, Environmental & Occupational Healthen
dc.subjectLEADen
dc.subject1117 Public Health and Health Servicesen
dc.subject.meshHumansen
dc.subject.meshLead Poisoningen
dc.subject.meshCross-Sectional Studiesen
dc.subject.meshHealth Policyen
dc.subject.meshSchoolsen
dc.subject.meshStudentsen
dc.subject.meshChilden
dc.subject.meshCaliforniaen
dc.subject.meshFemaleen
dc.subject.meshMaleen
dc.subject.meshDrinking Wateren
dc.titleWater Safety in California Public Schools Following Implementation of School Drinking Water Policiesen
dc.title.serialPreventing Chronic Diseaseen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Techen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineeringen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineering/Civil & Environmental Engineeringen
pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/University Distinguished Professorsen
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pubs.organisational-group/Virginia Tech/Engineering/COE T&R Facultyen

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Destination Area: Global Systems Science (GSS)
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