Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in Phytophthora major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity

dc.contributor.authorJung, T.en
dc.contributor.authorMilenkovic, I.en
dc.contributor.authorBalci, Y.en
dc.contributor.authorJanousek, J.en
dc.contributor.authorKudlacek, T.en
dc.contributor.authorNagy, Z. A.en
dc.contributor.authorBaharuddin, B.en
dc.contributor.authorBakonyi, J.en
dc.contributor.authorBroders, K. D.en
dc.contributor.authorCacciola, S. O.en
dc.contributor.authorChang, T. -T.en
dc.contributor.authorChi, N. M.en
dc.contributor.authorCorcobado, T.en
dc.contributor.authorCravador, A.en
dc.contributor.authorDordevic, B.en
dc.contributor.authorDuran, A.en
dc.contributor.authorFerreira, M.en
dc.contributor.authorFu, C. -H.en
dc.contributor.authorGarcia, L.en
dc.contributor.authorHieno, A.en
dc.contributor.authorHo, H. -H.en
dc.contributor.authorHong, C.en
dc.contributor.authorJunaid, M.en
dc.contributor.authorKageyama, K.en
dc.contributor.authorKuswinanti, T.en
dc.contributor.authorMaia, C.en
dc.contributor.authorMajek, T.en
dc.contributor.authorMasuya, H.en
dc.contributor.authorLio, G. Magnano di San D. S.en
dc.contributor.authorMendieta-Araica, B.en
dc.contributor.authorNasri, N.en
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, L. S. S.en
dc.contributor.authorPane, A.en
dc.contributor.authorPerez-Sierra, A.en
dc.contributor.authorRosmana, A.en
dc.contributor.authorvon Stowasser, E. Sanfuentesen
dc.contributor.authorScanu, B.en
dc.contributor.authorSingh, R.en
dc.contributor.authorStanivukovic, Z.en
dc.contributor.authorTarigan, M.en
dc.contributor.authorThu, P. Q.en
dc.contributor.authorTomic, Z.en
dc.contributor.authorTomsovsky, M.en
dc.contributor.authorUematsu, S.en
dc.contributor.authorWebber, J. F.en
dc.contributor.authorZeng, H. -C.en
dc.contributor.authorZheng, F. -C.en
dc.contributor.authorBrasier, C. M.en
dc.contributor.authorJung, M. Hortaen
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-09T13:08:15Zen
dc.date.available2025-01-09T13:08:15Zen
dc.date.issued2024-02-27en
dc.description.abstractDuring 25 surveys of global Phytophthora diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43 new species were detected in natural ecosystems and, occasionally, in nurseries and outplantings in Europe, Southeast and East Asia and the Americas. Based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and four mitochondrial gene regions they were assigned to five of the six known subclades, 2a-c, e and f, of Phytophthora major Clade 2 and the new subclade 2g. The evolutionary history of the Clade appears to have involved the pre-Gondwanan divergence of three extant subclades, 2c, 2e and 2f, all having disjunct natural distributions on separate continents and comprising species with a soilborne and aquatic lifestyle and, in addition, a few partially aerial species in Clade 2c; and the post-Gondwanan evolution of subclades 2a and 2g in Southeast/East Asia and 2b in South America, respectively, from their common ancestor. Species in Clade 2g are soilborne whereas Clade 2b comprises both soil-inhabiting and aerial species. Clade 2a has evolved further towards an aerial lifestyle comprising only species which are predominantly or partially airborne. Based on high nuclear heterozygosity levels ca. 38 % of the taxa in Clades 2a and 2b could be some form of hybrid, and the hybridity may be favoured by an A1/A2 breeding system and an aerial life style. Circumstantial evidence suggests the now 93 described species and informally designated taxa in Clade 2 result from both allopatric non-adaptive and sympatric adaptive radiations. They represent most morphological and physiological characters, breeding systems, lifestyles and forms of host specialism found across the Phytophthora clades as a whole, demonstrating the strong biological cohesiveness of the genus. The finding of 43 previously unknown species from a single Phytophthora clade highlight a critical lack of information on the scale of the unknown pathogen threats to forests and natural ecosystems, underlining the risk of basing plant biosecurity protocols mainly on lists of named organisms. More surveys in natural ecosystems of yet unsurveyed regions in Africa, Asia, Central and South America are needed to unveil the full diversity of the clade and the factors driving diversity, speciation and adaptation in Phytophthora.en
dc.description.versionPublished versionen
dc.format.extentPages 251-388en
dc.format.extent138 page(s)en
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfen
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2024.107.04en
dc.identifier.eissn1872-9797en
dc.identifier.issn0166-0616en
dc.identifier.issue107en
dc.identifier.orcidHong, Chuanxue [0000-0001-7389-5157]en
dc.identifier.otherPMC11003442en
dc.identifier.pmid38600961en
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10919/123976en
dc.identifier.volume107en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.publisherWesterdijk Fungal Biodiversity Instituteen
dc.relation.urihttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38600961en
dc.rightsIn Copyrighten
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/en
dc.subjectallopatric speciationen
dc.subjectGondwanaen
dc.subjectLaurasiaen
dc.subjectlifestyleen
dc.subjectnew taxaen
dc.subjectphylogenyen
dc.subjectsympatric species radiationen
dc.titleWorldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in Phytophthora major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurityen
dc.title.serialStudies in Mycologyen
dc.typeArticle - Refereeden
dc.type.dcmitypeTexten
dc.type.otherArticleen
dc.type.otherJournalen
dcterms.dateAccepted2024-01-15en
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Techen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciencesen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/Hampton Roads ARECen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/All T&R Facultyen
pubs.organisational-groupVirginia Tech/Agriculture & Life Sciences/CALS T&R Facultyen

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