Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase

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https://hdl.handle.net/10919/64847

The Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (SANREM) Knowledgebase is a collection of information resources (books, reports, journal articles, videos, movies, presentations) produced or identified, classified, and summarized by SANREM researchers. This collection provides direct access or links to resources relevant to sustainable agriculture and natural resource management. - http://www.oired.vt.edu/sanremcrsp/professionals/knowledgebase/

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E-mail: sanrem@vt.edu
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2020 Focus 6: Empowering women to achieve food security
Quisumbing, A. R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S. (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2001)
This overview summarizes the key strategies the authors use to empower women and to achieve food security. This is done through strengthening the asset base: 1- Natural and physical capital, women are often responsible for ensuring its usage, but rarely carry the rights that provide them security. 2- Human capital, health and education can improve women's lives and ultimately reduce poverty. 3- Social and financial capital, networks constitute a valuable asset for women, but often the very poor (forced migration and greater vulnerability) have reduced social capital. Group savings and credit should provide broader safety nets to reduce women's vulnerabilities. 4- Legal rights, institutional frameworks must provide women with legitimate access and control over the resources. The recommendations for action are; a) change laws to decrease women's vulnerability, b) implement creative programs that allow women to capitalize on their social capital in ways that help compensate for lack of financial and physical assets, c) increase women's opportunities for participation in development processes.
21st century watershed technology: Improving water quality and environment conference proceedings
ASABE (St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), 2008)
These proceedings are from the conference, "21st century watershed technology: Improving water quality and environment" held in Concepción, Chile, 29 March - 3 April 2008. The conference focused on issues such as water quality and monitoring, watershed management, effectiveness of agricultural best management practices (BMPs), political ramifications of water conservation, biological monitoring, and stakeholder involvement in water quality. This resource contains over 60 papers presented at the conference, and covers all the topics listed above, as well as many others.
2nd East Africa Regional Workshop Report: Conservation Agriculture in AFRICA - Analysing and Foreseeing its Impact - Comprehending its Adoption
Apina, Tom; Mkomwa, Saidi; Weldone, Mutai; Njeri, Caroline (CA2Africa, 2011)
This resource provides a summary of the 2nd East Africa Sub-regional workshop held in Nanyuki, Kenya, on 28-30 March 2011. Attendees included the African Conservation Tillage Network (ACT), Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute (TSBF/AFNET), Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), LEIBNIZ-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Agricultural Research Institute (ARI) UYOLE, SELIAN Agricultural Research Institute (SARI-MAFC), Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development (CA SARD), and the Ministry of Agriculture (Kenya).
The 3rd International Forum on Food and Nutrition
Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition (2011)
These proceedings are from the conference, "The 3rd International Forum on Food and Nutrition," hosted by the Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition in Milan, Italy, 30 November - 1 December 2011. This conference focused on leading issues related to food and nutrition in the international realm. The link provides a webpage with access to video clips from all 39 speakers, who include:
Aboveground and belowground competition between intercropped cabbage and young Eucalyptus torreliana
Nissen, Todd M.; Midmore, David J.; Cabrera, M. (Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999)
There is growing incentive for farmers in the uplands of the Philippines to develop agroforestry systems rather than strictly vegetable farms due to an increasing market demand for timber. Farmers view intercropping young timber crops with annual crops as advantageous, based on the assumptions that the small trees will not deprive the vegetable crops of adequate light or nutrients, and that the tree crops will thrive with the nutrient inputs and weed control used in the intercropping system. This paper reports on a study of these assumptions that assessed both above- and below-ground competition between the tree species Eucalyptus torelliana and a cabbage crop. The test plots were located in the uplands of Mindanao, the Philippines. The impact of intercropping on cabbage yields varied according to the proximity of the cabbage row to the tree, suggesting above ground competition for light and below ground competition for moisture. There did not appear to be detrimental competition for nutrients; intercropping increased overall nitrogen efficiency. Further research is needed to investigate the tradeoffs between reduced crop yields and increased nutrient efficiency and to explore management strategies that will reduce the negative competition impacts of intercropping.
Abrolhos 2000: Conserving the Southern Atlantic's richest coastal biodiversity into the next century
Werner, T.; Pinto, L.; Dutra, G.; Pereira, P. (London, UK: Taylor & Francis Ltd., 2000)
The Abrolhos bank, an area of continental shelf off the coast of Bahia, Brazil, has the most biologically diverse coral reefs in the entire southern Atlantic Ocean. The coral reefs and nearby coastal ecosystems constitute a global conservation priority and are the target of the Abrolhos 2000 project, initiated by Conservation International as part of its global marine conservation strategy. Although portions of the Abrolhos reefs are located within a marine park, they are not afforded adequate protection due to insufficient conservation resources and a failure to be part of a broader integrated coastal management program. Through partnerships with government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, local communities, the private sector, and other stakeholders, Abrolhos 2000 is working to provide these needs while establishing local capacity for conserving coastal and marine ecosystems. The project's initial successes provide examples of useful strategies for making integrated coastal management work in the context of emerging economies.
Acceso a información, relaciones de género y acceso a los mercados de papa en la cuenca Jatun Mayu localizada en Tiraque, Bolivia
Amaya, Nadezda; Alwang, Jeffrey R. (Cochabamba, Bolivia: Revista de Agricultura, 2011)
Este estudio explora los efectos del acceso a información mediante el uso de celulares sobre la elección de mercados de papa que hacen los agricultores, diagnostica los roles de hombres y mujeres e investiga cómo se realizan las decisiones de mercadeo. El análisis se basa en información cualitativa y cuantitativa. Herramientas de evaluación rápida de mercados y estudios de casos individuales se utilizaron para recopilar información en las diferentes etapas de la cadena de la papa. Este análisis fue complementando con datos cuantitativos extraídos de una encuesta realizada a hogares de la zona de estudio. La presente investigación confirma la importancia de las relaciones de género y la tenencia de celulares en el acceso a los mercados.
Access and control of resources: Lessons from the SANREM CRSP
Flora, Cornelia B. (Gainesville, Fla.: Humanities and Agriculture Program, Center for Applied Philosophy and Ethics in the Professions, University of Florida, 2001)
Developing sustainability in an agricultural ecosystem requires that attention be given to inequities within communities. The experiences of SANREM CRSP revealed that gender inequality was a significant factor in the access and control of resources that were critical for the projects reaching their goals. Among the resources of financial, manufactured, human, environmental, and social capital, enhancing social capital among women was a crucial component of plans for increasing collective and household sustainability. Women's roles in the different SANREM CRSP sites varied significantly and provided a helpful indicator of what aspects of the landscape and lifescape should be addressed in order to work toward sustainability.
Access to information and farmer's market choice: The case of potato in highland Bolivia
Amaya, Nadezda; Alwang, Jeffrey R. (2011)
Potato incomes are critical determinants of Andean farmers' household well-being. Efforts to improve incomes of producers should recognize the role of access to market information. In highland Bolivia, market information has entered the digital age. Cell phones are ubiquitous, and networks lubricated by cellular technologies are affecting traditional means of gathering information. Andean markets are characterized by the heavy involvement of women. Lower information costs could change market choices and roles of men and women. This study explores the effects of information access on market choice near Cochabamba. It diagnoses the roles of men and women and investigates decision-making and changes in it. The research confirms the importance of gender and cell phones to market access. Market decisions are made jointly by men and women, but women take a leading role in marketing. Women dominate marketing by negotiating favorable prices with buyers who are also women. Marketing networks have not changed substantially since the introduction of new information technologies. While cellular technology has broadened access to information and quickened its flow, it has not fundamentally changed network structures. The study provides recommendations about improving competitiveness of small-scale potato producers: (1) increasing access to information by expanding the information content of existing networks; (2) expanding cell phones access; (3) consideration of the important roles intermediaries play; and (4) more technical support for market and information access.
Access to Information, gender relations and access to potato markets in the Jatun Mayu watershed located in Tiraque, Bolivia
Larochelle, Catherine; Alwang, Jeffrey R. (2012)
Poster presentation: Access to Information, gender relations and access to potato markets in the Jatun Mayu watershed located in Tiraque, Bolivia
Access to power or genuine empowerment? An analysis of three community forest groups in Nepal
Lachapelle, P. R.; Smith, P. D.; McCool, S. F. (Bar Harbor, ME: Society for Human Ecology, 2004)
Community forestry in Nepal attempts to create democratic inclusive forums of decentralized self-governance. Local populations, including women and lower castes are invited to participate and to voice their opinion about the management of their forests and natural resources. This article is the result of a study in three communities in Nepal where the authors explore how individuals regard their ability to exercise power. In this context, power was defined as, "the ability to create rules, make decisions, enforce compliance and adjudicate disputes." This study identified the constraints preventing some groups from exercising power as lack of transparency, vulnerability, and sense of inferiority. Community forestry groups operate within larger complex informal institutions where lower caste and women are deprived of opportunities to develop the confidence to exercise power. These two groups often are linked by lack of literacy, lack of private resources, and lack of access to information, which also act as constraints to full participation. The majority members of the forestry user groups (FUGs) belong to higher castes only. In one region of the study, 19 lower caste households expressed being treated as inferior by the FUG who refused to grant them permission to participate. The FUG confirmed this perception justifying their actions on the hierarchical caste system. They also feel vulnerable due to the rejection of access to community forestry and because they lack private resources to meet their needs. Women also expressed their inability to participate; their vulnerability lies on the lack of access to private resources, and their sense of inferiority arising from village perceptions that women are "backward". The FUG has also been accused of withholding information regarding the use of money of membership fees and from the sale of forestry products. This factor creates trust issues between the FUG committee and the populations accusing them of lack of transparency. The study concludes by stating that opportunities to exercise power arise from both formal and informal institutions, and empowerment can only occur through the skills and confidence necessary to exercise power.
Access to urban markets for small-scale producers of indigenous cereals: A qualitative study of consumption practices and potential demand among urban consumers in Polokwane
Bichard, A.; Dury, S.; Schonfeldt, H.; Moroka, T.; Motau, F.; Bricas, N. (Oxford, UK: Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2005)
This paper is based on a qualitative study conducted on an urban area of the Limpopo province in South Africa. The objective of the study was to describe who, where, how and when are sorghum and millet consumed. Also, how consumers perceive the grains, do they accept small-scale produce and to estimate the possible demand for indigenous cereals. Women were interviewed due to their role as food providers. Men were also interviewed as consumers, but also because they are often responsible for doing the shopping. Results show that sorghum is largely consumed by all in the forms of soft, thick, and fermented porridge, and as beer as well. Beer is brewed at home in households with closer rural links, but both men and women drink beer. Men over 40 are the regular customers of the home-brewers. Sorghum is perceived to be a healthy nutritious food and it is recommended by doctors and churches. Millet on the other hand is not as easily accessible in this area, and it is considered to be old-fashion. Only households with closer rural links and with older people consume millet. Respondents seemed receptive and supportive to small-scale farmers as they acknowledge the struggles that small-scale farmers face. These difficulties include lack of land, skills, equipment and inputs, lack of water, and lack of access to markets. Some respondents even believe that local small-scale farmers' products are of better quality. These trends could represent an opportunity for small-scale farmers.
Access, control, and use of resources in African agriculture: An introduction
Berry, S. (1989)
In general, the history of access, control and use of agricultural resources in colonial and postcolonial Africa has been one of cross-cultural interaction-through discourse as well as through political economy. That the legacy of these interactions is part of the agrarian crisis does not invalidate bringing multiple cultural and disciplinary perspectives to bear on efforts to understand it. The papers in this collection are all efforts in that direction.
Accessing and sharing knowledge resources for soil health research in Africa
Fisher, L.; Chimwaza, G.; Kinyangi, James M. (International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists, 2008)
This journal article describes the importance of access to knowledge resources in Africa and its relation to soil health and productivity. Degraded farmland is becoming an issue in Africa and improving soil health will potentially increase agricultural yields. To address the improvement of soil health, this article explains the survey taken in 2007 which polled 73 respondents from 23 countries about their access to information, their use of libraries and networks, and knowledge pathways they think could be improved. Results show that it could be useful to increase internetwork links that share information effectively among scientists, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. These collaborative efforts, along with increasing network membership and providing cheap resource resources, could have positive effects on the soil health in Africa.
Achieving biodiversity conservation through food security and rural livelihoods in Zambia: The COMACO model
Travis, A. (2007)
This presentation outlines the fact that the problems facing conservation are the same problems facing rural development. It gives a background on the history of conservation strategies before focusing on the Community Markets for Conservation (COMACO) model. The presentation gives an overview of the pilot project, how it has been implemented and the benefits to this form of conservation strategy. It then discusses the primary data obtained in accordance with the project, the aims of the COMACO model and the research being conducted to prove the effectiveness and sustainability of the model in rural areas of Zambia.
Achieving Nutritional Impact and Food Security through Agriculture
Infant and Young Child Nutrition Project (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), 2011)
Agricultural interventions can have a profound impact on food security and nutrition. However, they can also potentially negatively affect these same two outcomes by neglecting to consider the impacts of technologies, markets, and gender roles. The purpose of this resource is to provide a summary of the connections between agriculture, food security, and nutrition as well as ways to maximize the benefits obtained from the integration of all three within an agricultural intervention.
Achieving sustainable agriculture through recognizing gender roles: Some salient points
Regmi, P. P.; Weber, K. E. (Sage publication, 1997)
This paper is about the relation of gender roles and the current situation of agricultural development. Different research evidences show that women are victims of poverty more than men. In the both developing and developed countries women are contributing more in agriculture than men; however, recognition of the role of gender in agricultural development is in the early stage and should be incorporated in research design. Therefore, it is very necessary to acknowledge women's contribution for achieving sustainable agriculture. This paper includes the importance of agriculture for sustainable development, gender differences in agriculture, women's roles and contribution; and gender planning for sustainable agriculture development. In the conclusion the authors discuss issues that include several points regarding time use and the importance of paying attention of full range of activities, work and duties. The authors mention that with focus on gender analysis these issues required further research.
Activity choice, labor allocation, and forest use in Malawi
Fisher, Monica M.; Shively, Gerald E.; Buccola, Steven (2005)
We examine the determinants of activity choice affecting forest use among low-income
Acute pesticide poisoning among cut-flower farmers
Lu, J. Leilanie (2007)
This article looks at the negative health effects tied to pesticide exposure in the cut-flower industry in La Trinidad, Philippines. It studies the extent of exposure, work and safety habits, personal and family illnesses, and cholinesterase levels. Pesticide entry was mainly ocular and dermal. Results indicated a strong association with illness related to pesticides including factors like using a contaminated piece of cloth to wipe up sweat and reusing pesticide containers to store water.
Adaptación al cambio climático y de mercado en comunidades del Altiplano: Estudio de caso de la comunidad de Santa María
Turín, Cecilia; Cóndor, Pedro; Flora, Cornelia B.; Flora, Jan L. (2007)
Presentation of the case study research that is being conducted in the Community of Santa Maria in Peru within the objectives of SANREM-CRSP LTR-4 project "Adapting to climate and market change in Altiplano communities".

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